Intro to Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy: the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another Anatomy vs. Physiology

Anatomy vs. Physiology Anatomy: Naming and describing the shape and location of a structure. You can talk about the Anatomy of just about anything.

Physiology: the functioning of the body’s structural machinery (how the body parts work and sustain life) Anatomy vs. Physiology

Understanding the shape and structure of something can tell you something about how it functions! Anatomy/Physiology are inseparable because structure always reflects function.

Understanding the shape and structure of something can tell you something about how it functions!

Gross/Macroscopic anatomy: large structures Microscopic anatomy: microscopic structures Developmental anatomy: from conception through old age (changes) Topics in Anatomy

Subdivisions based upon the operations of specific organ systems Examples: – Renal physiology (urine production and kidney function) – Neurophysiology (nervous system) – Cardiovascular physiology (operation of heart and blood vessels) Topics in Physiology

Hierarchy of Structural Organization Similar cells that have a common function Made up of at least 2 tissue types that perform specific function Organs that work closely together towards a common goal are part of a system

System Functions

provides a protective barrier for the body, contains sensory receptors for pain, touch, temperature! Integumentary System

protects major organs, provides levers and support for body movement Blood cells formed within bones Skeletal System

Moves bones and maintains posture! PRODUCES HEAT Muscular System

CONTROL SYSTEM! Nervous System

SECRETES HORMONES THAT REGULATE GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND METABOLISM Endocrine System

Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, gases and wastes in blood! Cardiovascular System

Returns fluid to cardiovascular system, detects, filters, and eliminates disease causing organisms! Lymphatic System

Adds oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from blood. Respiratory System

Breaks down food into units that can be absorbed by the body Digestive System

Removes wastes, maintains body fluid volume, pH and electrolyte levels. Urinary/Excretory System

PRODUCES SEX CELLS AND HORMONES Reproductive System Male  Female 

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Anatomical Position Body erect, feet together, palms facing forward, thumbs away from body. Note: when talking about right/left, you are talking about the patients right or left side, not your own.

Describes the location of one part of the body in relation to another. Relative Positions

Superior: above another part or closer to the head Inferior: below another body part or closer to the feet Anterior (ventral): towards the front of the body (breastbone anterior to spine) Posterior (dorsal): towards the back of the body (spine posterior to the breastbone) Medial: toward the middle of the body

Lateral: away from the middle, towards the outer side of the body Proximal: closer to the point of attachment to the trunk (elbow is proximal to the wrist) Distal: farther from the point of attachment to the trunk (knee is distal to the thigh) Superficial: toward or at the body surface Deep: away from the body surface, more internal

Body planes and sections - cut into sections along a flat surface called a plane (also called XS – cross section) (also called coronal)

Body planes Body is 3D Can be split into three planes Sagittal Coronal Transverse

Sagittal Plane Plane splitting the body into two parts (left and right) Sagittal section is a cut made longitudinally along the body If it splits into two equal parts = midsagittal

Coronal Plane Plane which splits body into anterior and posterior section Ie. Facelift

Transverse Plane Separates body along horizontal plane Also called a cross section Will divide an organism into superior and inferior parts

Body Cavities

Cavities Opening within body which protects internal organs, and allows transfer of materials/information 2 Divisions – Dorsal – Ventral

Dorsal Cavities Made up of two smaller cavities 1) Cranial Cavity – holds and protects brain 2) Spinal Cavity – column which runs through vertebra and protects spinal chord

Ventral Cavities Thoracic Abdominopelvic

Ventral Cavities 1) Thoracic – chest area (holds heart, lungs, and diaphragm) 2) Abdominopelvic – lower torso (holds digestive and reproductive organs)

Bovine Pleural CavityCollapsed Lung in Pleural Cavity Pleural cavity is the space between the membranes covering the chest wall and lungs. Pleural cavity

Visceral Pleura Parietal pleura

Serous: double-layered membrane covering the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs. – Part lining the cavity walls is called the parietal serosa. – Part covering the organs is called the visceral serosa. -Fluid is important for organs to move along cavity walls without friction. Membranes in the Ventral Body Cavity

Serous Membranes Serous membranes are named according to where it is located: 1.Parietal pleura/Visceral pleura – membranes that line the pleural cavity and lungs. 2.Parietal pericardium/Visceral pericardium – membranes that line the pericardial cavity and the heart. 3.Parietal peritoneum/visceral peritoneum – membranes that line the peritoneal cavity and the viscera in the abdominopelvic cavity.

Maintaining Life Our body requires interdependence of all body cells. No organ works in isolation. All organs work together to promote the well-being of the entire body Each organ systems make major contributions to specific functional processes…

Overview of Anatomy: Homeostasis

A dynamic state of equilibrium in which internal conditions change and vary, but always within a narrow limit. Who/what plays a role in maintaining homeostasis? What is homeostasis

When your body can’t maintain homeostasis, disease occurs Homeostatic Imbalance

Receptor: sensor that monitors changes in the environment. When changes is detected it sends a signal to the control center Control center: processes information from the receptor (is there too much or too little?) Effector: responds to the signal sent out by the control signal Homeostatic Control: 3 interdependent components

Receptor  Control Center: afferent pathway Control Center  Effector: efferent pathway Pathways

Negative feedback: when the net effect is that the output of the system decreases or shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity Most control mechanisms are negative feedback Ex. Fever: receptors send signal to the brain (control center) telling the brain that secretions on skin should increase to cool body down. Effector causes you to sweat and “break” the fever. Feedback

Positive Feedback: the response of the mechanism enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated. Change that occurs proceeds in the SAME direction as what was already occurring. Ex. Blood clotting: chemicals cause your blood to clot naturally but when your body senses this, it releases even more chemicals to cause the clotting to occur faster. Feedback