Psychoanalytic Theories Learning Theories Humanistic and Cognitive Theories Trait Theories

 Watch Video 15 from Annenberg CPB  Create a collage that depicts your personality, using pictures and words from magazines.

 Describe the major purposes of personality theories.  Explain Sigmund Freud’s structural concepts of personality.  Describe Carl Jung’s theory of personality.

 Shelly and Deirdre both failed their semester examinations in biology, but they reacted in very different ways. When Shelly saw her grade, she felt sick to her stomach and had to fight back tears. She rushed home, and shut herself up in her room to life in bed, stare at the ceiling, and feel inadequate. Deirdre, on the other hand, was not at all worried. She ran to the cafeteria to join her friends and make loud jokes about the stupid questions on the test.

 Provide a way to organize characteristics  Do traits go together?  Explain the differences among individuals  What are the causes of individual differences?  Explore how people conduct their lives  Why do problems arise and why are they difficult to manage for some?  Determine how life can be improved  How can we deal with the inevitable conflicts in life?

 Freudian slips are not mistakes  Everyone has an unconscious part of their mind  Do they influence behavior?  Explain personality is constantly in conflict

 Contains needs, drives, instincts, and repressed materials  Pleasure principle – immediate release of energy, personal gratification

 In touch with reality  Reality principle – can’t always get what we want  Satisfy the appetites of the id, screens out the impulses (repress, reject)  Ex: planning dinner, studying for a test

 Counteracts undesirable impulses  Moral principle – floods the ego with feelings of guilt  People with healthy personalities find ways to balance the id’s demands and the superego’s warnings

 Rationalization  Making excuses for behavior  Repression  Pushing thoughts out  Denial  Refuse to accept reality  Projection  Assign feelings to others

 Reaction Formation  Replacing unacceptable feelings with an opposite one  Regression  Less mature behavior  Displacement  Giving feeling to something less powerful  Sublimation  Redirecting desires

 Personality is based on people trying to develop their potential – religion and human behavior  People have a collective unconscious - concepts  Archetypes shape our experiences of the world  Supreme being, the young hero, nurturing mother, wise old man, themes of rebirth and resurrection  Individuation – combining functions of the mind (thinking, feeling, intuition, sensation) with archetypes

 Our driving force is to overcome inferiority  All humans are motivated by social urges  Demosthenes  Napoleon Bonaparte  Being a little kid – sibling rivalry

 Karen Horney  Childhood experiences play a major role  Believed in parent-child relationship Children repress rather than express feelings of hostility  Erik Erikson  Agrees with Horney – social relationships are important  Emphasis on mother-infant relationship  People are capable of making real choices

 Freud and Erikson suggest early childhood traumas affect us  Heightens awareness of the emotional needs of children  Critics suggest too much emphasis on the unconscious motives  Might subtly influence clients – projecting feelings

Psychoanalytic Theories Learning Theories Humanistic and Cognitive Theories Trait Theories

 Describe Skinner’s concept of personality.  Explain Bandura’s social cognitive theory of personality.

 Interested in how personality is learned  Behaviorism focuses on external forces or influences  Contingencies of Reinforcement determine how we act (learn from rewards)

 Personality is acquired by the models that we choose  Reciprocal determinism – shaped by our beliefs, expectations, behaviors  Self-efficacy – governs our behavior and our ability to succeed

Personal Development Environmental Factors Personal Factors Behavior

Psychoanalytic Theories Learning Theories Humanistic and Cognitive Theories Trait Theories

 Explain Maslow’s idea of self-actualization.  Describe Carl Roger’s view of human behavior.

 Abraham Maslow  Focus on people that could focus on problems  Carl Rogers  Personality is a conflict between what we value and what others value in us

 George Kelly  Personality is based on anticipations/ predictions of events Our ideas of ourselves, other and our world shape our behavior Develop personality schemas

Psychoanalytic Theories Learning Theories Humanistic and Cognitive Theories Trait Theories

 Explain the main features of trait personality.  Describe Allport’s and Eysenck’s theories of personality.

 React to things the same all of the time  Gordon Allport  Cardinal trait – most identify with  Central trait – predictable situations  Secondary trait - preferences  Hans Eysenck  Dimensions to personality Stability v. Instability Extrovert v. Introvert