Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

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Presentation transcript:

Probing the HiRes Aperture near eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes Collaboration 2003 ICRC HE Aug Tsukuba Japan

Experimental Configuration Laser vs. Air Showers

35 km HiRes 1 HiRes 2 Terra (Laser)

Laser Parameters Wavelength355nm Energy2-6mJ (adjustable) Distance34km to HiRes 2 22km to HiRes 1 DirectionFixed - Vertical Polarization Random

Terra Site – Vertical Laser laser

Laser Beam – polarization measurements LASER Probe Depolarizer Analyzer Linear Polarization Random Polarization

Vertical Laser Shot Fired from Terra as recorded by HiRes2 34 km distant Laser Energy ~3.5mJ 19km 10km

HiRes 1 HiRes 2 Terra (Laser) Shower ~30 EeV How does the laser compare to a shower?

HiRes 2HiRes 1 Air Shower

30 EeV Shower

LaserShower Equivalent 4mJ 6x10 19 eV 6mJ ~10 20 eV

Mean Mean 0.04 T = e -VOD T = e -VOD/sinӨ Ө VAOD - Vertical Optical Depth of Aerosol Component

Mean Mean 0.04 Under good to moderately hazy conditions, laser is always visible. Triggering efficiency for 4mJ shots begins to drop about 0.15 VAOD We consider “good weather” VAOD <0.01

Conclusion Installed a laser to test the reach of our HE aperture. Equivalent light production to a shower of ~6x10 19 to eV Detectors have no trouble seeing this laser under good to worse than acceptable viewing conditions.

Extra Slides

Compare vertical aerosol optical depth Terra Laser + HiRes2 detector HiRes2 Steerable Laser + HiRes1 detector

Atmospheric Monitoring

What is Vertical Optical Depth? T = e -VOD T = e -VOD/sinӨ Ө VAOD - Vertical Optical Depth of Aerosol Component

Ө2Ө2 Ө1Ө1 LASERDETECTOR T A2 T M2 T A1 T M1 NLNL N  OBS S A + S M Measurement of VAOD Then for

Atmospheric Measurements from Inclined Laser Shots

45º 60º Detector Laser 12.6 km

Linearity Scaled by 10% !!!

45º 60º Detector Laser 12.6 km

Clouds

Inclined Laser Shots clear hazy

HiRes 1 detector measuring inclined laser track HiRes2 detector measuring Terra Laser Track

3 Comments on Calibration Evidence of a ~10% gain change at HiRes1 Nov 2000 probably a shift in roving flasher calibration Absolute Photometric scale of HiRes 4km vertical laser shots 6/28/ nm – HR1 Erecon/Elaser 0.75 M. Seman Analysis 355nm HR nm HR Need to cross check this with another analysis! Wrong Constants.. We are now twice bitten. 2 months ago: wrong wavelength used for YAG laser (Nevis Stereo Analysis) Yesterday wrong effective molecular scale height (Utah Stereo Analysis)

Clouds Laser found clouds on 25% of nights that the operator called clear HR3VLS Clouds 219 Hours operation w/ stereo Jan-May Hours – laser tracks show obvious clouds 100 Hours - no obvious clouds 119/219=56% of hours there were clouds in our aperture 831Cloudy 0132Mixed 1 09Clear CloudyMixedClear Operator Logs HR3VLS (Terra) Nightly Comparison