Unit 4 “Growing Pains” s Changes in societies bring about both Unity and Division.

Chapter 7 North and South Take Different Paths The North industrializes and urbanizes while the South becomes highly dependent on cotton and the slave labor used to cultivate it. Tensions spread to the western territories.

Chapter 7, Section 1 The Industrial Revolution p New Inventions bring new ways of making basic products.

7.1 SECTION FOCUS QUESTION: How did the new technology of the Industrial Revolution change the way Americans lived?

TEXTILES Where do clothes come from? Question for Discussion: thread

A Revolution in Technology The Industrial Revolution - machines replace hand tools - Power once provided by people or horses is replaced by flowing water. Starts in England in the textile industry Why did we need the tariff? $$$ – Used to make one thread at a time – “Spinning Jenny” makes more thread – Richard Arkwright invents spinning machine powered by running water New mills = new way of working: the factory system. – workers and machinery together in one place Main Idea: The Industrial Revolution introduces great changes in the way Americans live. Textile Mill What did Catherine Called Birdie hate the most?

Steam Power New technologies require large amounts of cash be invested Industrialists turn to capitalists to fund new technologies – invest money (capital) into a business to earn a profit – Good investment $$$ Steam Power: steam engine moves factories from riversides to cities ( 1790 – Arkwright again) – Cities provide cheap unskilled labor: young women & children Britain considers steam engine a national secret. – skilled workers forbidden from leaving the country. So how did the secrets get out?... James Watt’s Steam Engine (1781) p. 257

The American Industrial Revolution Main Idea: Britain tried but failed to prevent the spread of the new industrial methods. America enters the Industrial Revolution through espionage (spying) Samuel Slater sneaks out of Britain in 1789 – Memorizes plans for Arkwright’s machines Teams up with Moses Brown and makes a fortune spinning thread for textiles. Samuel Slater (the sneaky spy): ‘Father of the American Industrial Revolution’ Slater Mill, Pawtucket, Rhode Island

American Industry Grows Main Idea: The factory system changed the way Americans worked and encouraged the growth of the U.S. industry. Francis Cabot Lowell visits England before War of 1812 – Opens mill in Massachusetts – Combines spinning & weaving; makes it more efficient – Build Lowell, MA in his honor, make it NICE: boardinghouses, library, hospital… New Lowell Factories staffed by young women, “Lowell Girls” – After work can attend lectures, visit the library, get an education – One of the first organized attempts to provide education for women – This is NOT a Dickens’ factory Lowell Factory Near Boston, Massachusetts

The Revolution Takes Hold Main Idea: American inventors developed new ways for factories to produce large amounts of goods quickly. Important Developments: - mass production - rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical objects - interchangeable parts - identical pieces that can be assembled quickly by unskilled workers (Eli Whitney) Conditions in factories were harsh: – poorly lit – little fresh air – injuries on the job are common (no compensation) – 12 to 14 hour work days, six days a week (sometimes) Dangerous working conditions were common in textile mills (factories).

Child Labor Parents need children to work & help support family Some put to work as young as 7 or 8 years old – Paid half of an adult’s pay Unsafe working conditions maimed & killed unknown numbers of children between the 1800s and 1940s.

7.1 SECTION FOCUS QUESTION: How did the new technology of the Industrial Revolution change the way Americans lived? Many people went from working on farms to working in factories. Lowell girls had a chance to get educated. Children also worked for low wages with dangerous machinery.