Chapter 13 The Great War Honors World History C. Simmons

Chapter 13 Section 1 Marching Toward War

Rising Tensions in Europe 1. Rise of Nationalism – caused rise of competition among European Powers, intense feelings of independence 2. Imperialism & Militarism – mistrust and rivalry deepened for overseas conquest, arms races and mobilization plans fuel militarism

Tangled Alliances ► Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy ► Triple Entente – Britain, France, Russia 1. Alliances formed for protection and emergency situations 2. Shifting Alliances cause problems (Russia/Germany) ► These alliances could draw all the major European Powers into fighting

Crisis in the Balkans ► Many ethnic groups vie for power and independence, Ottoman Empire is declining ► Some gain independence: Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia ► Controversy over creation of Slavic state ► Tensions rise b/t Austria and Serbia ► “Shot heard throughout Europe” – assassination of Franz Ferdinand heir to Austrian-Hungarian throne (Gavrilo Princip member of the Black Hand) ► This event marked the beginning of military actions in Europe called WWI

Chapter 13 Section 2 Europe Plunges into War into War

The Great War Begins ► In response to Austria’s declaration of War others mobilize armies due to treaty obligations and alliances. ► Germany first to act declaring war on Russia and France, Great Britain responded declaring war on Germany ► Sides were now clearly drawn ► Central powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria vs. Allies – Britain, Russia, France

A Bloody Stalemate ► Western front was deadlocked (France) Map page 412 ► Schlieffen Plan – Germany’s plan for a two front war ► Battle of the Marne – major allied victory as taxis rushed troops to front in Paris ► Trench warfare – miles of trenches allowed no advance of either side, area in b/t trenches called “no man’s land” ► Life in trenches was miserable – disease, rodents, cold, famine ► New technologies – machine guns, tanks, poison gas, large artillery, killing became an art form ► Verdun in 1916 each side lost approximately 300,000, Battle of Somme British lost 20,000 in first day

Trench Warfare

The Battle on the Eastern Front ► Eastern Front – German and Russian borders ► Russia struggles b/c of lack of supplies, Russia had yet to industrialize ► Allied supply shipments to Russia were stifled due to submarine warfare ► Russians had one asset its numbers, and after loses rebuilt ranks and continued

Chapter 13 Section 3 A Global Conflict

War Affects the World ► Gallipoli campaign – Allied attack on the Ottoman Empire (strait of Dardanelles), wanted supply line to Russia ► Assaults on Germany’s colonial possessions in Asia by Japan and Africa by French and English ► Unrestricted submarine warfare - the sinking of any ship without warning (Lusitania) 128 US citizens died (blockade of Britain) ► Zimmerman Telegram – attempted German ploy to lure Mexico into central powers ► US enters war April 2, 1917 as an Allied Power

War Affects the Homefront ► Total War – all resources were devoted to the war effort ► Conversion of all factories to war production ► Disappearance of unemployment ► Rationing became a common staple of society ► Suppression of anti-war activity, propaganda designed to keep up morale support for war ► Women replaced men in the workforce, women on battlefield near front lines as nurses

Propaganda Posters

Allies Win the War ► Russian revolutions led to interim leader V. Lenin pulling Russia out of the war and giving Germany a victory on the Eastern Front (Treaty of Brest- Litovsk) ► Germany able to send all troops to western front, l to meet 140,000 fresh US troops – Second Battle of the Marne ► Allies win battle and 2 million more US troops helps allies slowly advance toward Germany ► November 11, 1918 WWI ended

The Legacy of the War ► Ushered in new techniques of fighting ► War on global scale ► Approx 10 million soldiers dead ► Approx 40 million soldiers wounded ► Approx 60 million civilians killed due to slaughter, starvation, disease, ► Death to a generation of Europeans ► Economic disaster

Chapter 13 Section 4 A Flawed Peace

The Allies meet and debate ► The Big Four: Britain, France, US, and Italy – made all the decisions ► Disagreement on how to bring about peace ► Wilson’s plan – 14 Points: (1)end secret treaties, (2)freedom of seas, (3)free trade, (4)reduce militarism, (5)colonial policies, (6-13)changing borders and new nations, (14) point was the League of Nations – association of nations to promote peaceful resolutions to problems ► Treaty of Versailles – punished Germany forced to pay reparations, caused many problems in the future

A Troubled Treaty ► Treaties created bitterness and betrayal among the victors and defeated ► Bloc nations created with treaty – Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia ► Other ottoman lands was split up among European powers ► Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania became independent ► US left dominant nation in world, others left upset wanting more