GRANDORDER UNGULATA ORDERS: Condylarthra extinct ancestral Mesonychia ungulates Perissodactyla “odd-toed” ungulates Artiodactyla “even-toed” ungulates Litopterna Notoungulata Pyrotheria extinct South American Xenungulata ungulates Astrapotheria Tubulidentata - aardvark Proboscidea – elephants “subungulate” Hyracoidea – hyraxes orders Sirenia – manatees/dugongs Cetacea whales

PLACENTAL PHYLOGENY (nuclear genes)

1 species

3 genera, 6 species

PROBOSCIDEAN PHYLOGENY

DEINOTHERIDAE

GOMPHOTHERIIDAE Gomphotherium Platybelodon

MASTODONTIDAE Mammut

ELEPHANTIDAE

PROBOSCIDEAN TEETH ELEPHANT MASTODON

2 species (1 extinct) 3 species

Arctocyon Sinonyx ORDER MESONYCHIA

Pachyaena Diatryma

ORDER MESONYCHIA

CETACEAN PHYLOGENY

SUBORDER ODONTOCETI

17 genera, 32 species

4 genera, 6 species

4 genera, 5 species

2 genera, 2 species

6 genera, 19 species

2 genera, 3 species

SUBORDER MYSTICETI

2 genera, 3 species 1 species

2 genera, 6 species

ODONTOCETES MYSTICETES SIZE mostly small (<5 m) large males > females in size females > males VOCALIZATION high-frequency sounds low-frequency (some) echolocation communication & communication DIET vertebrates filter-feeding MOVEMENTS mainly local migratory Physeter migratory SOCIAL STRUCTURE variable in both groups, including harem polygyny, small female kin groups, seasonal migratory groups.