© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 3 Cells

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cells The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living things Cell or plasma membrane Nucleus

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Nucleus Most important organelle within the cell Function –Control the activities of the cell and facilitate cell division DNA and chromatin Chromosomes

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Functions of Organelles (1 of 7) Nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope –Regulates transport of substances into and out of the cell Nucleoplasm –A clear, semi-liquid medium that fills the spaces around the chromatin and the nucleoli

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Functions of Organelles (2 of 7) Nucleolus –Reservoir for RNA Ribosomes –Serve as site for protein synthesis

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Functions of Organelles (3 of 7) Cytoplasm –Provides an organized watery environment where life functions take place via the activities of the organelles, which reside there Centrosome –Contains two centrioles that are functional during animal cell division

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Functions of Organelles (4 of 7) Endoplasmic reticulum –Provides passage for the transport of substances in the cytoplasm Mitochondria –Serve as sites of cellular respiration and energy production –Store ATP

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Functions of Organelles (5 of 7) Golgi apparatus –Manufactures carbohydrates and packages secretions for discharge from the cell Lysosomes –Serve as center for cellular digestion

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Functions of Organelles (6 of 7) Perioxisomes –Enzymes that oxidize cell substances Cytoskeleton –Forms internal framework

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Functions of Organelles (7 of 7) Pinocytic vesicles –Provide mechanism by which large molecules can enter the cell Cilia and flagella –Create movement

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cellular Metabolism Chemical reactions occur within the cells Energy supplied by ATP ATP created from CHO, proteins, and fats that we eat

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cell Division Meiosis –Involves reproduction Mitosis –Involves growth and maintenance of cells

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Meiosis Process of cell division of the sex cell or gamete Ovum and spermatozoa reduce chromosomes from 46 to 23 Fertilization Zygote is formed from two sex cells to obtain full set of 46 chromosomes

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Mitosis Cell division –Division of the nucleus –Division of the cytoplasm

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Mitosis Stages (1 of 2) Phase I –Interphase (resting stage) Phase II –Prophase Phase III –Metaphase

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Mitosis Stages (2 of 2) Phase IV –Anaphase Phase V –Telophase Cycle back to interphase

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cell Death Necrosis Apoptosis

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Stem Cells Embryonic stem cells Adult stem cells Umbilical cord blood stem cells Induced pluripotent stem cells

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Protein Synthesis Cells produce proteins DNA RNA

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Movement of Materials Across Cell Membranes Passive transport –Does not require an energy source Active transport –Requires an energy source

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Passive Transport Diffusion Osmosis Filtration

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Active Transport Phagocytosis Pinocytosis

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure 3-9 The active transport of molecules from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration, according to one theoretical model. Active transport is the transportation of materials against a concentration gradient or in opposition to other factors that would normally keep the materials from entering the cell.

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Specialization Nerve cells –Specialize in response Red blood cells –Specialize in oxygen transport May lose some functions, such as reproduction Interdependence among cells

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Aging (1 of 2) Aging is a phase of normal development Older person may have 30% fewer cells Cells may change in ability to perform specialized tasks

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Aging (2 of 2) Physiologic changes are universal and progressive Aging is not a disease

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of Cell Structure (1 of 2) Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of Cell Structure (2 of 2) Metaplasia Dysplasia Neoplasia

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Tumor When cell division does not occur in the usual pattern Also called neoplasms Benign tumors Malignant tumors