ASSIGNED SEATS! New unit page-Lithosphere Homework: Read (2 sections) Cornell Notes-include key terms and vocabulary List what you know about matter. Matter and Mineral Review

Matter Everything in the universe is made of matter! Solid, liquid, and gas are the three primary states of matter on Earth. Solid=definite shape and definite volume Liquid=definite volume, but not definite shape Gas=neither definite shape nor volume An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means. There are over 100 elements. Each element is an atom. Atoms are composed of a nucleus surrounded by an electron cloud.

Model of an atom

Bonding Atoms (elements) bond to create compounds. Compounds are substances that consist of two or more elements that are chemically combined in specific proportions. Chemical bonding occurs between electrons-electrons are either gained, lost, or shared. The number of protons remains a constant. The principle types of chemical bonds are: Ionic bonds Covalent bonds Metallic bonds

Types of Bonds Ionic bonds form between the positive and negative electric charges of atoms. Atoms become ions when they gain or lose electrons. NaCl-sodium chloride-table salt Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. H 2 0-dihydrogen oxide-water Metallic Bonds form when electrons are shared by metal ions. The sharing of the electron pool give metals their characteristic properties.

Minerals A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition. To be classified as a mineral it must have the following characteristics: 1. Naturally occurring. Minerals are formed by natural geologic processes. 2. Solid substance. Minerals are solids at normal Earth temperatures. 3. Orderly crystalline structure. Atoms are arranged in an orderly and repetitive manner. 4. Definite chemical composition. Most minerals are chemical compounds made of two or more elements. 5. Inorganic Not composed of carbon.

How Minerals Form There are four major ways that minerals are formed. 1. Crystallization from magma 2. Precipitation (solid from a liquid) When water evaporates, dissolved substances can react to form minerals. 3. Changed in pressure and temperature 4. Formation from hydrothermal solutions.

Crystallization from Magma Magma is molten rock. As it cools it elements combine.

Mineral Groups-Based on composition Silicates are formed when silicon and oxygen combine to form a structure called a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. Carbonates are minerals that contain the elements carbon, oxygen, and one or more metallic elements. Calcite and dolomite.

Continue Oxides are minerals that contain oxygen and one or more other elements, usually metals. Hematite. Sulfates and Sulfides contain sulfur. Usually formed when mineral-rich water evaporate. Pyrite. Halides contain an element from the halogen group in the periodic table. Native elements are minerals in a relatively pure form. Gold.

Properties of Minerals Color-small amounts of different elements can give the same mineral different colors. Sapphires Streak-the color of the mineral in its powdered form. Luster-how shiny it is. Crystal form-a visible expression on a mineral’s internal arrangement of atoms. Hardness. Cleavage-the tendency of a mineral to break, along, even surfaces. Miccah Fracture-minerals that do now cleave fracture. Break. Density.