Carbon Chemistry Chapter 8

Essential Questions What are the 3 different arrangements of carbon? What are the 3 different arrangements of carbon? What are isomers? What are isomers? What are the 4 main classes of organic compounds in living things? What are the 4 main classes of organic compounds in living things?

I. Organic Compounds A. Organic compounds are covalent compounds composed of carbon based molecules. examples: sugar, starch, fuels, synthetic materials like plastic

I. Organic Compounds B. The backbone of organic compounds is carbon because it has 4 valence electrons and each atom can form 4 separate bonds

I. Organic Compounds C. Carbon compounds can form in 3 different Arrangements 1) Straight Chain 2) Branched chain 3) ring

I. Organic Compounds D. Formulas of carbon compounds: D. Formulas of carbon compounds: 1) Chemical formulas showing kind and number of atoms using symbols and subscripts 1) Chemical formulas showing kind and number of atoms using symbols and subscripts 2) Structural formulas showing kind, number and arrangement of atoms 2) Structural formulas showing kind, number and arrangement of atoms

Example: Acetone Chemical Formula: C 3 H 6 O Chemical Formula: C 3 H 6 O Structural formula: Structural formula:

I. Organic Compounds 3) Carbon compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas are called isomers

I. Organic Compounds E. isomers 1) are different forms of the same compound with different properties and characteristics 2) There can be so many different isomers of carbon because carbon can form single, double and triple bonds.

Examples of Isomers Butane: C 4 H 10

Types of Bonds

I. Organic Compounds F. Polymers are very large molecules made up of many smaller molecules bonded together. The smaller molecules are called monomers Polymers can be made by living things (natural) or in factories (synthetic)

I. Organic Compounds G. Organic compounds are formed mostly from the elements carbon, and hydrogen but can also include elements like oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and others but can also include elements like oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and others H. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds formed from only hydrogen and carbon

II. Life with Carbon A)Simple carbohydrates are substances like glucose B) Complex carbohydrates are substances like starches and cellulose Organic compounds made by living things are very large molecules. They are: 1) Carbohydrates: made of different types of simple sugars blended together; used for energy

Simple and Complex Carbohydrates

II. Life with Carbon 2) Proteins are polymers made of amino acids. used to build and repair body parts and regulate cell activity 3) Lipids:(fats) are made of fatty acids and do not dissolve in water used to store energy

II. Life with Carbon 4) Nucleic Acids are very large polymers made of nucleotides. There are 2 types: DNA and RNA 4) Nucleic Acids are very large polymers made of nucleotides. There are 2 types: DNA and RNA used to store information and help build proteins used to store information and help build proteins

5) Smaller molecules required by living things Vitamins - used to help in a variety of chemical reactions Water- used to dissolve nutrients and carry them throughout the body Minerals - used to form ions needed by the body (not organic) Salt- used to help muscles contract and transmission of nerve impulses