CHURCH AND WORLD UNITED A.D

CHRISTENDOM Christianity dominated Western Europe Feudalism became the economic system – Kings controlled the country – Lords controlled the land Vassals to the king – Knights given land in exchange for service – Serfs kept a portion of what they produce 90% of Western Europe were serfs

Charlemagne King of the Franks Crowned emperor on Christmas, 800 Decreed that all monasteries must have a school to educate young men – Led to the copying of manuscripts – Developed script as a way of writing Spread Roman worship to entire empire Set rules for monks and nuns

Chaos came after Charlemagne died Weak successors – Louis the Pious, Louis the Stammerer, Louis the Child, Charles the Bald, Charles the Fat, Charles the Simple Saracens attacked Southern Italy – Pope built wall around Rome Vikings attacked monasteries – Book of Kells one of few manuscripts to survive

CHURCH AND STATE IN CONFLICT Powerful Roman families began selecting the pope Many Popes were weak rulers Lay Investiture – Emperor, king, or lord could appoint abbots or bishops – Sometimes the second son of nobility

Simony – Selling or buying spiritual goods – Buying or selling of religious office Bishop, abbot, canon – Usually a position of great power and wealth Celibacy – Priests could not marry – Started to be ignored in some parts

Thomas Becket – Archbishop of Canterbury – Murdered by knights of Henry II – Opposed Henry’s attempts to control Church appointments

CHURCH REFORMS First Cluniac – Monastery established in Cluny – Berno, a monk, and William, Duke of Aquitaine, believed some monastic communities were corrupt – Truce of God No fighting during certain times of the year – Established community to focus on prayer – Liturgy of the Hours 5-6 times of prayer per day Divine Office

Gregorian – Pope Gregory VII Formerly known as Hildebrand – Addressed simony and lay investiture Formally ended with Concordat of Worms Pope granted spiritual power Emperor granted temporal power

CONCLAVE Pope Nicholas II wanted to remove the influence of lay groups on electing popes All cardinals in Rome, and all who come in nine days Cardinals locked in secret room Only cardinals elect popes Limited but did not eliminate outside influence

EAST-WEST SCHISM Schism—a breaking of relationship between two groups who still hold essential beliefs in common Officially happened in 1054 – Filioque controversy Western Church added filioque (and the Son) to Creed Eastern Churches opposed change – Iconoclast controversy Emperor and Patriarch banned icons Pope affirmed the use of icons

Double excommunication – Pope and Patriarch argued over Sicily – Pope sends Cardinal Humbert to attempt reconciliation – Humbert excommunicates Patriarch Michael Cerularius and all Greek Church – Patriarch excommunicates Pope Leo IX and all Latin Church – Rescinded in 1965

MENDICANT ORDERS Mendicants (beggars) traveled in the community – Called friars not monks Dominicans – Order of Preachers – Founded by St. Dominic – Founded to defend Church teachings against heretics

Franciscans – Order of Friars Minor – Founded by St. Francis of Assisi – Founded to serve the poor and suffering

CRUSADES Attempts to reconquer the Holy Land for Christians First Crusade ( ) captured Jerusalem Second Crusade ( ) preached by St. Bernard Third Crusade (1190) fought by King Richard I Fourth Crusade ( ) crusaders plundered Constantinople

People’s Crusade – Led by Peter the Hermit – Mostly involved peasants Children’s Crusade – 2 different groups – German group led by Nicholas May have inspired Pied Piper stories – French group led by Stephen – Both ended in failure and slavery

SCHOLASTICISM Scholastic Philosophy developed – Use of reason to understand Theology St. Anselm – “faith seeking understanding” – Ontological argument for God’s existence God is the greatest being we can conceive in our mind If God exists in the mind He must also exist in reality If God only existed in the mind, then something greater must exist in mind and reality

St. Thomas Aquinas – Dominican Priest – Wrote Summa Theologica and Summa Contra Gentiles – 5 Proofs for the Existence of God From motion From causation From possibility From imperfection From design

ART and ARCHITECTURE Romanesque – Stained Glass – Large wall murals – Tapestry Bayeaux Tapestry – Shows the battle of Hastings in 1066 – Architecture Semi-circular arches

Santa Maria in Cosmedin in Rome The Prophet Daniel Augsberg Cathedral

Gothic – Sculpture started to appear around church doors – Architecture Pointed arches Ribbed vaults Flying buttresses