Industrial Revolution

Background Info  Name given to the movement in which machines replaced manual labor.  Began in Great Britain during the middle 18 th century.  Spread to the rest of Europe & US by the 19 th century.  Started with a revolution in agriculture.

Technology In Agriculture  Crop Rotation – Charles Townshend  Seed Drill-Jethro Tull  Iron Plow  More Food = Improved health = increased population

Productivity & Technology  Scientific revolution is followed by a revolution in productivity.  Better productivity leads to a change in society.  Families move from rural to urban areas.  Manufacturing changes from a cottage industry to a factory system.

Technology In Textiles  New inventions = need for laborers.  Interchangeable parts = increased production  Flying Shuttle  Spinning Jenny  Water-powered loom

Tech. In Textiles Cont.  Factories built near water.  Steam-powered engine  Mining (coal & iron)  New energy source for the textile & coal industries  Bessemer Process  Produce stronger steel

Advance in Communication  Better roads & canals.  Steam powered trains.  Pacific Railroad  Telegraph

The "Komet", German locomotive

The "Smallow", English locomotive

Spread of Railways in Ten Selected Countries (Length of line open [in kilometers [1km = 5/8 mile]) Austria- Hungary 144 4,54318,50736,330 Belgium334 1,7304,1124,591 France4969,16723,08938,109 Germany46911,08933,83851,678 Great Britain 2,39014,60325,06030,079 Italy20 2,4049,29016,429 Netherlands ,846 2,776 Russia 27 1,62622,86553,234 Spain - 1,9177,49013,214 Sweden ,87611,303

Participants  Britain leads the way  Iron & Coal resources  Good transportation system  Leading commercial power.

Percentage Distribution of the World's Manufacturing 1870 and 1913 (percentage of world total) USA Germany U.K France Russia Italy Canada Belgium Sweden Japan1.2 India Other Countries12.2

Participants  Colonies to supply raw materials & buy finished goods.  Hard work & talent moved the industry forward.

The Revolution Spreads  Rise of Nationalism.  Spurs competition among countries.  Focuses on what was best for your country.  1850’s – Belgium, France, Germany & U.S. join.  France improves transportation.

NATIONALISM  Feeling of pride for and devotion to one’s country.

The Revolution Spreads  Germany Unifies to become European power.  U.S. – vast source of natural resources.

The Revolution Spreads  Science & Medicine improve.  Healthier people  Higher population.

Problems of Industrial Cities  Sewage disposal facilities  Housing  Water system  Poor working conditions  Very low wages  Government began to regulate the running of cities.

Economics of Industrial Revolution  Capitalist system – means of production are in private hands  Laissez-faire – Leave things alone, government should not interfere with business  Communism – Wealth & property to be owned by society as a whole.

Marx & Engels  Believed that history was the struggle between classes. (haves vs. have-nots)  Haves = Bourgeoisie (middle-class)  Have-nots = Proletariat (workers)  Stated that working conditions & lives of workers would improve only when they gained control of the means of production.

Working Conditions  12 – 16 hour days  No breaks (eat while running machines)  Unsafe equipment (many injuries & death)  Child labor  Over abundance of workers = lower wages  NO GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF INDUSTRY!

Rise of Labor Unions  Poor working conditions left may people dead or injured.  Government began hearing grievances of workers in court.  Conservative entrepreneurs tried to justify their actions  As a result of hearings, government began to enforce regulations on industry.  Workers banned together to form unions.

Labor Unions Continued  At first they were banned by most governments.  The more workers that joined, the more power the union had.  Began to negotiate with factory owners for better working conditions & wages.  Led to better conditions for workers.

Results of Industrialization  Population explosion  People migrate to cities  Government regulates industry  Government regulates cities  People have the opportunity to gain wealth  Labor unions form to help workers  Society values change