Chapter 6: Present day ozone distribution and trends relevant to climate change A. Gaudel, O. R. Cooper, G. Ancellet, J. Cuesta, G. Dufour, F. Ebojie, G. Huang, S. S. Kulawik, B. Latter, T. Leblanc, J. Liu, X. Liu, J. Neu, H. Petetin, I. Petropavlovskikh, H. Tanimoto, D. Tarasick, V. Thouret, C. Wespes, H. Worden, C. Vigouroux, J. Ziemke TOAR Workshop 1.03, Beijing, January 25 th 2016

Chapter 6: Present day ozone distribution and trends relevant to climate change Section 1 – Introduction Section 2 – Description of data sets Section 3 – Present day distribution of ozone Section 4 – Trends Section 5 – Discussions and Conclusions

Chapter 6: Present day ozone distribution and trends relevant to climate change Section 1 – Introduction 1.1 Present day distribution and trends of ozone metrics relevant to climate 1.2 Description of the relevant metrics Section 2 – Description of data sets Section 3 – Present day distribution of ozone Section 4 – Trends Section 5 – Discussions and Conclusions

Section 1 – Introduction 1.1 Present day distribution and trends of ozone metrics relevant to climate  Summary of what is already available in the peer-reviewed literature 1.2 Description of the relevant metrics  Coordinate with Chapter 3. Must conform to the list of metrics approved by the TOAR Steering Committee on July 31, 2015 and available on the TOAR website:

Chapter 6: Present day ozone distribution and trends relevant to climate change Section 1 – Introduction 1.1 Present day distribution and trends of ozone metrics relevant to climate 1.2 Description of the relevant metrics Section 2 – Description of data sets 2.1 Satellite 2.2 FTIR and Umkehr 2.3 IAGOS, Ozonesondes, TOST, lidar 2.4 Regionally representative surface sites Section 3 – Present day distribution of ozone Section 4 – Trends Section 5 – Discussions and Conclusions

Chapter 6: Present day ozone distribution and trends relevant to climate change Section 1 – Introduction 1.1 Present day distribution and trends of ozone metrics relevant to climate 1.2 Description of the relevant metrics Section 2 – Description of data sets 2.1 Satellite 2.2 FTIR and Umkehr 2.3 IAGOS, Ozonesondes, TOST, lidar 2.4 Regionally representative surface sites Section 3 – Present day distribution of ozone Section 4 – Trends Section 5 – Discussions and Conclusions Overlap with Chapter 2 = Same as in Chapter 2 with much less details

Chapter 6: Present day ozone distribution and trends relevant to climate change Section 1 – Introduction 1.1 Present day distribution and trends of ozone metrics relevant to climate 1.2 Description of the relevant metrics Section 2 – Description of data sets 2.1 Satellite 2.2 FTIR and Umkehr 2.3 IAGOS, Ozonesondes, TOST, lidar 2.4 Regionally representative surface sites Section 3 – Present day distribution of ozone Section 4 – Trends Section 5 – Discussions and Conclusions Overlap with Chapter 2, 3 and 4 = Different criteria, question of homogenization

Section 2 – Description of data sets 2.1 Satellite OMI/MLS, SCIAMACHY, TES, IASI, IASI+GOME2, GOME, OMI Units ppbv, DU, Tg Metrics Monthly mean Key figures Global map (5°x5°) Time series for latitude bands Regional map Relation used to convert DU to ppbv O 3 (ppbv) = 1.25 x x TCO (DU) / (P s – P t ) (Ziemke et al., 2001) O 3 (ppbv) = 1270 x TCO (DU) / (P s – P t )

Section 2 – Description of data sets 2.2 FTIR and Umkehr Units ppbv, DU Metrics Seasonal mean Key figures Time series site by site Global map FTIR 8 sites between 80N and 80S with 20yrs of data column surface-8km Sunny day Umkehr 5 sites between 65N and 45S with 20yrs of data 3 layers:1-column surface-250hPa 2-surface-500hPa hPa

Section 2 – Description of data sets 2.3 IAGOS, Ozonesondes, TOST, lidar Units ppbv, DU Metrics Monthly mean Annual mean Seasonal mean Key figures Global map upper troposphere Global map per altitude range Time series site by site IAGOS Frankfurt/Munich North America Asia Middle East Ozonesondes 12 sites with more than 20yrs of data without changing instrument Lidar OHP, France Table Mountain, California, USA TOST Global tropospheric ozone with resolution: 5°x5°x1km

Section 2 – Description of data sets 2.4 Regionally representative surface sites Rural sites - regionally representative and minimally impacted by local emissions  based on human population and nighttime lights

Chapter 6: Present day ozone distribution and trends relevant to climate change Section 1 – Introduction 1.1 Present day distribution and trends of ozone metrics relevant to climate 1.2 Description of the relevant metrics Section 2 – Description of data sets 2.1 Satellite 2.2 FTIR and Umkehr 2.3 IAGOS, Ozonesondes, TOST, lidar 2.4 Regionally representative surface sites Section 3 – Present day distribution of ozone 3.1 Surface sites 3.2 Free tropospheric mixing ratios 3.3 Tropospheric columns Section 4 – Trends Section 5 – Discussions and Conclusions

Surface Sites - Seasonal cycle Surface rural sites US Summer (JJA) 3.1 Surface sites Section 3 - Present day distribution of tropospheric ozone

TOST km in ppbv DJFMAM JJASON IAGOS - Upper troposphere (15-75 hPa below 2pvu) in ppbv Section 3 - Present day distribution of tropospheric ozone 3.2 Free Troposphere mixing ratios Global maps of the lower, mid- and upper troposphere DJF MAM JJA SON

TOST km in ppbv DJFMAM JJASON IAGOS - Upper troposphere (15-75 hPa below 2pvu) in ppbv Section 3 - Present day distribution of tropospheric ozone 3.2 Free Troposphere mixing ratios Global maps of the lower, mid- and upper troposphere DJF MAM JJA SON

TOST km in ppbv DJFMAM JJASON IAGOS - Upper troposphere (15-75 hPa below 2pvu) in ppbv Section 3 - Present day distribution of tropospheric ozone 3.2 Free Troposphere mixing ratios Global maps of the lower, mid- and upper troposphere DJF MAM JJA SON

4.5km in ppbv – TOST Section 3 - Present day distribution of tropospheric ozone 3.2 Free Troposphere mixing ratios Global maps of the lower, mid- and upper troposphere 1.5km in ppbv – TOST

4.5km in ppbv – TOST Section 3 - Present day distribution of tropospheric ozone 3.2 Free Troposphere mixing ratios Global maps of the lower, mid- and upper troposphere 1.5km in ppbv – TOST

Section 3 - Present day distribution of tropospheric ozone 3.2 Free Troposphere mixing ratios Diurnal Variability IAGOS – Frankfurt – Diurnal variability from the surface to the tropopause between Aug 1994 and Dec 2013

Section 3 - Present day distribution of tropospheric ozone 3.2 Free Troposphere mixing ratios Regional distribution of lower tropospheric ozone Surface-6km in DU 6-12km in DU IASI DJF MAM JJA SON Over China In 2010 IASI+GOME2 Over Europe In August 2009 Surf-3km in ppbv 3-9km in ppbv

DJF MAM JJA SON TOC in DU 2000s – TOST Section 3 - Present day distribution of tropospheric ozone 3.3 Global distribution of tropospheric ozone column TOC in DU – OMI/MLS DJF MAM JJA SON 5°x5° °x5°

DJF MAM JJA SON TOC in DU 2000s – TOST Section 3 - Present day distribution of tropospheric ozone 3.3 Global distribution of tropospheric ozone column TOC in DU – OMI/MLS DJF MAM JJA SON 5°x5° °x5°

DJF MAM JJA SON TOC in DU 2000s – TOST Section 3 - Present day distribution of tropospheric ozone 3.3 Global distribution of tropospheric ozone column TOC in DU – OMI/MLS DJF MAM JJA SON 5°x5° °x5°

Section 3 - Present day distribution of tropospheric ozone 3.3 Global distribution of tropospheric ozone column in ppbv

Chapter 6: Present day ozone distribution and trends relevant to climate change Section 1 – Introduction 1.1 Present day distribution and trends of ozone metrics relevant to climate 1.2 Description of the relevant metrics Section 2 – Description of data sets 2.1 Satellite 2.2 FTIR and Umkehr 2.3 IAGOS, Ozonesondes, TOST, lidar 2.4 Regionally representative surface sites Section 3 – Present day distribution of ozone 3.1 Surface sites 3.2 Free tropospheric mixing ratios 3.3 Tropospheric columns Section 4 – Trends 4.1 Surface sites 4.2 Free tropospheric mixing ratios 4.3 Tropospheric columns Section 5 – Discussions and Conclusions

Section 4 - Global trends of tropospheric ozone Trends between and ending between Surface below 1km Surface above 1km lower troposphere from ozonesondes lower troposphere from aircraft 4.1 Surface sites

Section 4 - Global trends of tropospheric ozone Trends between and ending between Surface below 1km Surface above 1km lower troposphere from ozonesondes lower troposphere from aircraft 4.1 Surface sites

Section 4 - Global trends of tropospheric ozone 4.2 Free troposphere Green triangle = Mountain sites Mountain sites DJF MAM SON JJA

Section 4 - Global trends of tropospheric ozone 4.2 Free troposphere Mountain sites - Median DJF MAM SON JJA Green triangle = Mountain sites

Section 4 - Global trends of tropospheric ozone 4.2 Free troposphere Sonde/MOZAIC/Surface MOZAIC/IAGOS over Frankfurt

Section 4 - Global trends of tropospheric ozone TOST (ppbv) – 4.5 km TOST (ppbv) – 1.5 km 4.2 Free troposphere

Section 4 - Global trends of tropospheric ozone 5°x5° deg 4.3 Tropospheric column

Section 4 - Global trends of tropospheric ozone 4.3 Tropospheric column OMI/MLS TOC °x5° Annual mean White dots indicate grid cells with statistically significant trends

Section 4 - Global trends of tropospheric ozone 5x5 deg DJF MAM 4.3 Tropospheric column OMI/MLS TOC °x5°

Section 4 - Global trends of tropospheric ozone JJA SON 4.3 Tropospheric column OMI/MLS TOC °x5°

Section 4 - Global trends of tropospheric ozone 4.3 Tropospheric column OMI/MLS - Tg

Mean Value Deseasonalized % Anomalies Anomaly = 100 * (x month (lat) – time mean [x month (lat)]) /time mean Tropics and N. mid-lat reach highest % anomaly Section 4 - Global trends of tropospheric ozone 4.3 Tropospheric column

Section 4 - Global trends of tropospheric ozone 4.3 Tropospheric column IASI Column Average VMR surface-400 hPa IASI Column Average VMR (surface-400 hPa) Anomaly

Section 4 - Global trends of tropospheric ozone 4.3 Tropospheric column GOME/OMI - ppbv GOME-1/GOME-2A - VMR

Section 4 - Global trends of tropospheric ozone 4.3 Tropospheric column FTIR surface-8km in DU DJF MAM SON JJA

Section 4 - Global trends of tropospheric ozone 4.3 Tropospheric column FTIR surface-8km in DU DJF MAM SON JJA Significant positive trends Lauder in boreal spring Izana in boreal summer

Section 4 - Global trends of tropospheric ozone 4.3 Tropospheric column DJF MAM SON JJA Umkehr surface-250hPa in DU

Section 4 - Global trends of tropospheric ozone 4.3 Tropospheric column DJF MAM SON JJA Umkehr surface-250hPa in DU Significant positive trends Fairbanks in boreal spring Significant negative trends OHP and Perth in boreal spring and summer

Summary  High ozone values over East Asia, India, East Mediterranean in MAM/JJA  Increase of ozone over Asia  Global increase of ozone according to surface sites and OMI/MLS  Decrease of ozone according to TES-IASI and some Umkehr stations

Coordination/overlap with other chapter Chapter 2: description of data sets Chapter 7: metrics used to evaluate models Chapter 2, 4, 5: Criteria for the regional representativeness of surface sites