RISE OF MAO ZEDONG CHINESE COMMUNISM

CHINESE EMPIRE COLLAPSED IN 1911 WARLORDS DIVIDED THE COUNTRY WARLORDS DIVIDED THE COUNTRY ORGANIZED ARMIES ORGANIZED ARMIES EXTRACTED TAXES EXTRACTED TAXES SUN-YET-SEN CREATED A REPUBLIC IN 1911 SUN-YET-SEN CREATED A REPUBLIC IN 1911 IN NAME ONLY IN NAME ONLY ENVISIONED A NEW CHINA ENVISIONED A NEW CHINA

THREE PRINCIPLES OF SUN-YET SEN NATIONAL STATE NATIONAL STATE CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY SOCIALISM (NOT NECESSARILY EXTREME) SOCIALISM (NOT NECESSARILY EXTREME) WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE? WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?

KUOMINTANG NATIONALIST PARTY FORCED JAPAN TO CEDE TERRITORIAL RIGHTS IN NORTHERN CHINA FORCED JAPAN TO CEDE TERRITORIAL RIGHTS IN NORTHERN CHINA RIGHTS GRANTED TO JAPAN AT VERSAILLES (WHY?) RIGHTS GRANTED TO JAPAN AT VERSAILLES (WHY?) SUPPORTED BY SOVIET UNION SUPPORTED BY SOVIET UNION CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY CREATED IN 1921 CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY CREATED IN 1921

NATIONALIST EXPECTATIONS Soviet Union would provide military training Soviet Union would provide military training Soviet Union would provide model of centralized organization Soviet Union would provide model of centralized organization Dictatorship of the Proletariat was shelved Dictatorship of the Proletariat was shelved

WARLORDS DEFEATED CHIANG KAI-SHEK BECAME LEADER OF THE NATIONALISTS (1925) CHIANG KAI-SHEK BECAME LEADER OF THE NATIONALISTS (1925) HIS POWER RESTED ON THE ARMY AND POLITICAL CONTROL HIS POWER RESTED ON THE ARMY AND POLITICAL CONTROL MOVED TO ELIMINATE THE COMMUNIST PARTY-HIS RIVAL FOR POWER MOVED TO ELIMINATE THE COMMUNIST PARTY-HIS RIVAL FOR POWER

MAO TOOK CONTROL OF COMMUNIST PARTY BACKGROUND BACKGROUND MIDDLE-CLASS PEASANT FAMILY MIDDLE-CLASS PEASANT FAMILY EDUCATED AS AN INTELLECTUAL EDUCATED AS AN INTELLECTUAL STUDIED MARXISM IN BEIJING STUDIED MARXISM IN BEIJING EARLY COLLABORATION WITH THE NATIONALISTS EARLY COLLABORATION WITH THE NATIONALISTS

MAO IDENTIFIED FOUR EVILS OF EMPIRE RELIGION RELIGION CAPITALISM CAPITALISM AUTOCRACY AUTOCRACY THREE MALE BONDS OF CONFUCIANISM THREE MALE BONDS OF CONFUCIANISM

MAO IDEALIZED THE PEASANT AS A REVOLUTIONARY TRADITION OF REBELLION AGAINST LANDLORDS TRADITION OF REBELLION AGAINST LANDLORDS TRADITION OF MILITARY SERVICE IN TIMES OF CRISIS TRADITION OF MILITARY SERVICE IN TIMES OF CRISIS TRADITION OF ACCEPTING INSPIRED LEADERSHIP TRADITION OF ACCEPTING INSPIRED LEADERSHIP

MAO MODIFIED MARXISM MARX NEVER CONSIDERED PEASANTS AN IMPORTANT FORCE TO BRING ABOUT COMMUNISM MARX NEVER CONSIDERED PEASANTS AN IMPORTANT FORCE TO BRING ABOUT COMMUNISM LENIN RELIED ON RUSSIAN WORKERS LENIN RELIED ON RUSSIAN WORKERS TROTSKY BELIEVED THE PEASANTS WOULD NEVER ACCEPT COMMUNISM TROTSKY BELIEVED THE PEASANTS WOULD NEVER ACCEPT COMMUNISM

MAO SURVIVED CHIANG’S EFFORT TO ELIMINATE COMPETITION BUILT PEASANT ARMY IN A SOUTHERN CHINESE PROVINCE BUILT PEASANT ARMY IN A SOUTHERN CHINESE PROVINCE 1931-PROCLAIMED THE CHINESE SOVIET REPUBLIC 1931-PROCLAIMED THE CHINESE SOVIET REPUBLIC DIRECT CHALLENGE TO CHIANG DIRECT CHALLENGE TO CHIANG

PEASANTS BOND WITH MAO PEASANTS GIVEN THEIR OWN LAND PEASANTS GIVEN THEIR OWN LAND THEY OWNED THEIR PRODUCTION THEY OWNED THEIR PRODUCTION LANDLORDS AND RICH PEASANTS LOST MOST OF THEIR LAND LANDLORDS AND RICH PEASANTS LOST MOST OF THEIR LAND

MAO DEVISED/ADAPTED GUERRILLA STRATEGY “THE ENEMY ADVANCES, WE RETREAT; THE ENEMY CAMPS, WE HARASS; THE ENEMY TIRES, WE ATTACK; THE ENEMY RETREATS, WE PURSUE.” “THE ENEMY ADVANCES, WE RETREAT; THE ENEMY CAMPS, WE HARASS; THE ENEMY TIRES, WE ATTACK; THE ENEMY RETREATS, WE PURSUE.” WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

cosmetic CHANGE CHIANG-TOOK CONTROL OF GOVERNMENT SERVICES CHIANG-TOOK CONTROL OF GOVERNMENT SERVICES MADE PEACE WITH THE IMPERIAL POWERS MADE PEACE WITH THE IMPERIAL POWERS DECLARED AN END TO FOOTBINDING DECLARED AN END TO FOOTBINDING INSTITUTED “GUIDED DEMOCRACY” INSTITUTED “GUIDED DEMOCRACY”

REAL CHANGE (MAO) PEASANTS MADE INDEPENDENT FARMERS PEASANTS MADE INDEPENDENT FARMERS PEASANT ROLE EXPANDED AND RESPECTED PEASANT ROLE EXPANDED AND RESPECTED PEASANTS ACTIVELY RESISTED FOREIGN OCCUPATION AND CONTROL PEASANTS ACTIVELY RESISTED FOREIGN OCCUPATION AND CONTROL

JAPAN INVADED MANCHURIA CHIANG SIGNED AN ARMISTICE WITH JAPAN CHIANG SIGNED AN ARMISTICE WITH JAPAN TARGETED MAO AND THE CHINESE SOVIET REPUBLIC TARGETED MAO AND THE CHINESE SOVIET REPUBLIC

THE LONG MARCH (1934) MAO RETREATED MAO RETREATED THE PEASANT ARMY MARCHED 6000 MILES FROM SOUTHERN TO NORTHERN CHINA OVER HOSTILE AND TOUGH TERRAIN. THE PEASANT ARMY MARCHED 6000 MILES FROM SOUTHERN TO NORTHERN CHINA OVER HOSTILE AND TOUGH TERRAIN. PAID FOR FOOD AS THEY RETREATED-REPUTATION FOR HONESTY PAID FOR FOOD AS THEY RETREATED-REPUTATION FOR HONESTY FEW [BUT ENOUGH] SURVIVED FEW [BUT ENOUGH] SURVIVED

SOVIET UNION OFFERED ADVICE BUT NO AID ORGANIZE A COALITION WITH THE NATIONALISTS AND FIGHT THE JAPANESE ORGANIZE A COALITION WITH THE NATIONALISTS AND FIGHT THE JAPANESE SU SENT AID TO THE NATIONALISTS AS THE STRONGER FORCE SU SENT AID TO THE NATIONALISTS AS THE STRONGER FORCE MAO FOUGHT THE JAPANESE AND EXPANDED HIS BASE MAO FOUGHT THE JAPANESE AND EXPANDED HIS BASE

CHIANG RETREATED FROM COASTAL AREAS JAPAN INVADED CHINA DIRECTLY IN 1937 JAPAN INVADED CHINA DIRECTLY IN 1937 DEFENSIVE FIGHTING DEFENSIVE FIGHTING LOST SOVIET AID AFTER GERMANY ATTACKED SU LOST SOVIET AID AFTER GERMANY ATTACKED SU US ALLOWED PURCHASES BUT WERE STILL TRADING WITH JAPAN US ALLOWED PURCHASES BUT WERE STILL TRADING WITH JAPAN

CHINESE CIVIL WAR ( ) MAO AND THE COMMUNISTS WON: AGAINST ALL ODDS? MAO AND THE COMMUNISTS WON: AGAINST ALL ODDS? SOVIET UNION OCCUPIED MANCHURIA SOVIET UNION OCCUPIED MANCHURIA KOREA DIVIDED: NORTH TO SOVIET UNION, SOUTH TO USA KOREA DIVIDED: NORTH TO SOVIET UNION, SOUTH TO USA

CHIANG AND THE NATIONALISTS CLAIMED RIGHT TO RULE HEIR TO SUN-YET-SEN HEIR TO SUN-YET-SEN BACKED BY THE US BACKED BY THE US MILITARY AID MILITARY AID ECONOMIC AID ECONOMIC AID EXPECTED CHINA TO LEAD A NEW WORLD ORDER EXPECTED CHINA TO LEAD A NEW WORLD ORDER 50,000 US TROOPS SENT TO NORTHERN COAST 50,000 US TROOPS SENT TO NORTHERN COAST

UNDERLYING WEAKNESSES OF NATIONALISTS CHIANG GOVERNMENT WAS INEFFICIENT CHIANG GOVERNMENT WAS INEFFICIENT EXPENSIVE TO MAINTAIN MILITARY EXPENSIVE TO MAINTAIN MILITARY EXORBITANT SPENDING FUELED INFLATION EXORBITANT SPENDING FUELED INFLATION CORRUPTION AND ABUSE OF POWER CORRUPTION AND ABUSE OF POWER NO LAND REFORM NO LAND REFORM

US URGED MAO AND CHIANG TO FORM COALITION GOVERNMENT STALIN INFORMED MAO: NO CHANCE OF SEIZING POWER STALIN INFORMED MAO: NO CHANCE OF SEIZING POWER ACCEPT A COALITION GOVERNMENT ACCEPT A COALITION GOVERNMENT SIGNED TEN-YEAR FRIENDSHIP TREATY WITH THE NATIONALISTS SIGNED TEN-YEAR FRIENDSHIP TREATY WITH THE NATIONALISTS

MAO AND CHIANG SIGNED TEMPORARY CEASE-FIRE QUICKLY COLLAPSES QUICKLY COLLAPSES SOVIETS WITHDRAW FROM MANCHURIA SOVIETS WITHDRAW FROM MANCHURIA CHIANG AND MAO FOUGHT FOR CONTROL OF THE ONCE PROSPEROUS AREA CHIANG AND MAO FOUGHT FOR CONTROL OF THE ONCE PROSPEROUS AREA

NUMBER OF TROOPS DOES NOT ALWAYS TELL THE STORY NATIONALISTS HAD 3 MILLIONS TROOPS-WELL EQUIPPED BY THE US NATIONALISTS HAD 3 MILLIONS TROOPS-WELL EQUIPPED BY THE US POORLY LED POORLY LED NOT WELCOMED BY THE PEOPLE NOT WELCOMED BY THE PEOPLE

MAO PULLED IT TOGETHER LAND REFORMS WERE POPULAR LAND REFORMS WERE POPULAR PEASANT ARMY FIERCELY FOUGHT THE JAPANESE PEASANT ARMY FIERCELY FOUGHT THE JAPANESE SUPERIOR MILITARY AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION SUPERIOR MILITARY AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION POLITELY IGNORED STALIN’S ADVICE POLITELY IGNORED STALIN’S ADVICE

COMMUNISTS BELIEVED THEY COULD WIN LEARNED TACTICS OF REGULAR WAR AFTER YEARS AS GUERRILLAS LEARNED TACTICS OF REGULAR WAR AFTER YEARS AS GUERRILLAS WELCOMED NATIONALIST DESERTERS WELCOMED NATIONALIST DESERTERS CONVINCED THEIR CAUSE WAS JUST CONVINCED THEIR CAUSE WAS JUST

COMMUNISTS TOOK MANCHURIA NATIONALISTS DEMORALIZED NATIONALISTS DEMORALIZED TRUMAN REFUSED TO SEND US TROOPS TRUMAN REFUSED TO SEND US TROOPS COMMUNISTS USED WEAPONS SEIZED FROM THE NATIONALISTS COMMUNISTS USED WEAPONS SEIZED FROM THE NATIONALISTS CONSOLIDATED AND EXPANDED THEIR CONQUESTS CONSOLIDATED AND EXPANDED THEIR CONQUESTS

COMMUNISTS CLAIMED VICTORY IN BEIJING-1949 CHIANG AND NATIONALISTS FLED TO TAIWAN (FORMOSA) CHIANG AND NATIONALISTS FLED TO TAIWAN (FORMOSA) COMMUNISTS PREPARED TO INVADE TAIWAN COMMUNISTS PREPARED TO INVADE TAIWAN US OPENED TALKS WITH COMMUNIST LEADERSHIP AND THE INVASION WAS POSTPONED US OPENED TALKS WITH COMMUNIST LEADERSHIP AND THE INVASION WAS POSTPONED

MAO TRAVELLED TO THE SOVIET UNION ( ) REQUESTED A MILITARY ALLIANCE REQUESTED A MILITARY ALLIANCE SOUGHT ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE SOUGHT ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE SOUGHT AN END TO SOVIET OCCUPATION OF CHINESE TERRITORY SOUGHT AN END TO SOVIET OCCUPATION OF CHINESE TERRITORY DIPLOMATIC RECOGNITION DIPLOMATIC RECOGNITION

STALIN NOT PLEASED WITH THIS TURN OF EVENTS DISTRUSTED THE CHINESE COMMUNISTS DISTRUSTED THE CHINESE COMMUNISTS REMINDED HIM OF YUGOSLAVIA AND TITO REMINDED HIM OF YUGOSLAVIA AND TITO MIGHT WEAKEN SOVIET INFLUENCE IN EAST ASIA MIGHT WEAKEN SOVIET INFLUENCE IN EAST ASIA RELATIONS REMAINED “FRATERNAL” IN PUBLIC RELATIONS REMAINED “FRATERNAL” IN PUBLIC