The Changing World of English

A Language Story Kachru (1985): - If the spread of English continues at the current rate, by the year 2000 its non-native speakers will outnumber its native speakers.

The Triumph of English Factors which have ensured the widespread 1. A colonial history: 2. Economics 3. Information exchange 4. Travel 5. Popular Culture

The effect of English 1)Learners of English and non-native speakers of English are victims of linguistics and cultural imperialism. - What do you think? * Did colonialism represent the linguistics and cultural imperialism as well? * Linguistics imperialism may have once been used in the era of colonization but now there is no such thing as this.

2. English may cause other language to die David Crystal, 2003: - in 500 years, English is the only language to be learnt. Languages are under threats from a wide variety of sources, not just English. Rather than fearing English as a destroyer we should concentrate on how to maintain communities with a strong enough identity to preserve the language they represent.

English as a global language

1. Inner Circle: English is the primary language - Britain, U.S.A, Australia 2.Outer circle: English had become an official or widely0used second language. - India, Nigeria, Singapore, Malaysia etc. 3. Expanding Circle: English was learnt as a foreign language. - Indonesia, Japan, Korea etc.

What happen right now? - The inner circle has lost its linguistics power. - World Englishes/ Global English: * English belongs to everyone who speaks it, but it’s nobody’ mother tongue (Rajagopalan, 2004) * Nobody own English anymore, we all (native and non-native speakers alike) own it together

The speaker of world English is perhaps more capable in dealing with a wide range of English varieties than native speaker (communicatively deficient, Rajagopalan, 2004) Kachru proposed new diagram by only focusing on English proficiency.

The Future of English - There will be a change in English learning and teaching in the world because English is facing challenges from other languages (Mandarin, Spanish etc) which is also growing fast.

ESL/EFL? Do they matter now? - Many communities –whether in English or non English speaking countries- are now multilingual and English is a language of communication. - Many students of EFL use English in global context, e.g. internet - This does not mean that we ignore the context in which language learning takes place but it does reflect a more multilingual global reality.

English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) - English is used (for example) between two people who don’t share the same language and English is not their mother tongue. - Jenkins (2004): * non-native speakers are not conforming to a native English standard.

Teaching English in the age of ELF Instead of conforming to a native standard such as British English, learners’ need to learn not (a variety of) English, but about Englishes, their similarities and differences, issues involved in intelligibility, the strong links between language and identity, and so on (Jenkins, 2006) CLIL

The choice in teaching ELF 1. Choosing to teach the inner circles varieties 2. Raising the students awarness or pluricentricity so that they can adjust their speech in order to be intelligible to interlocutors from a wide range of L1 backgrounds, most of whom are not inner circle native speakers

Vicky Kuo (2006) says that a native-speaker variety is an ‘appropriate pedagogical model’ (p.21). What do you think about this? Explain the term ‘World English’ ! What is this? What is CLIL? Give an example of CLIL in Indonesia! Do you personally agree to this type of education?