The Rise of Industry

Consolidation of Big Business Businesses expanded during this time period in two main ways: 1.Vertical Integration: – One business controls every step of the manufacturing and distribution of the product. – This way they did not have to outsource to anyone and thus saved money. 2.Horizontal Integration: – One business controls every company that executes ONE step of the manufacturing or distribution process (for example, all oil storage facilities). – This way, everyone in an industry has to give this company business. Both were considered forms of monopolies (ways of controlling the industry). By 1900, monopolies and trusts controlled much of the American economy. Businesses expanded during this time period in two main ways: 1.Vertical Integration: – One business controls every step of the manufacturing and distribution of the product. – This way they did not have to outsource to anyone and thus saved money. 2.Horizontal Integration: – One business controls every company that executes ONE step of the manufacturing or distribution process (for example, all oil storage facilities). – This way, everyone in an industry has to give this company business. Both were considered forms of monopolies (ways of controlling the industry). By 1900, monopolies and trusts controlled much of the American economy.

Consequences of Business Consolidation Corporations built large, systematically organized factories where work was increasingly performed by machines and unskilled workers. Corporations introduced systems of “scientific management” to increase factory production and low labor costs. – Frederick Taylor came up with the ideas of “scientific management” and the assembly line. Corporations became very wealthy; they used the railroads to help develop national markets for their goods. Corporations built large, systematically organized factories where work was increasingly performed by machines and unskilled workers. Corporations introduced systems of “scientific management” to increase factory production and low labor costs. – Frederick Taylor came up with the ideas of “scientific management” and the assembly line. Corporations became very wealthy; they used the railroads to help develop national markets for their goods.

Horatio Alger was famous for his stories about the “self-made man,” which became an American ideal during this period, Something for which many Americans strived. Horatio Alger was famous for his stories about the “self-made man,” which became an American ideal during this period, Something for which many Americans strived. America’s Industrial Success America’s industrial development was showcased during the World’s Fair in Chicago in 1893 (“Columbian Exposition”) America’s industrial development was showcased during the World’s Fair in Chicago in 1893 (“Columbian Exposition”)

Key Trends for Labor 1.Immigrants, women, and children expanded the work force. 2.Machines replaced skilled artisans. 3.Corporations dominated the American economy. 4.Corporations developed national and international (rather than local) markets for their goods. 1.Immigrants, women, and children expanded the work force. 2.Machines replaced skilled artisans. 3.Corporations dominated the American economy. 4.Corporations developed national and international (rather than local) markets for their goods.

The Knights of Labor Led by Terence V. Powderly. Peaked at 730,000 members in Grew rapidly because of its open membership policy (including women, immigrants, and African Americans, skilled and unskilled), and the growth of industry and the urban population. They were idealists who believed they could create a society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked. The Haymarket Square riot was unfairly blamed on them, and they were associated with anarchists, which led to the union’s decline. Led by Terence V. Powderly. Peaked at 730,000 members in Grew rapidly because of its open membership policy (including women, immigrants, and African Americans, skilled and unskilled), and the growth of industry and the urban population. They were idealists who believed they could create a society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked. The Haymarket Square riot was unfairly blamed on them, and they were associated with anarchists, which led to the union’s decline.

The Industrial Workers of the World This labor union was led by “Mother Jones,” Elizabeth Flynn, Eugene Debs, and Big Bill Haywood. It, strove to unite all workers, including unskilled African Americans, who were excluded from craft unions. The IWW’s motto was “an injury to one is an injury to all;” it’s goal was to create “One Big Union.” Its members were known as the “Wobblies.” The IWW (unlike the Knights of Labor) was involved politically—its members were socialist and used violence when necessary. The membership never grew beyond 150,000; it collapsed during World War I. This labor union was led by “Mother Jones,” Elizabeth Flynn, Eugene Debs, and Big Bill Haywood. It, strove to unite all workers, including unskilled African Americans, who were excluded from craft unions. The IWW’s motto was “an injury to one is an injury to all;” it’s goal was to create “One Big Union.” Its members were known as the “Wobblies.” The IWW (unlike the Knights of Labor) was involved politically—its members were socialist and used violence when necessary. The membership never grew beyond 150,000; it collapsed during World War I.

The American Federation of Labor This union was led by Samuel Gompers, also the leader of the Cigar Makers Union. This was a groups of skill workers in craft unions; African Americans and women were originally not allowed to become members. The AFL focused on the “Bread and Butter” issues: – Higher wages – Shorter hours – Better working conditions This union was led by Samuel Gompers, also the leader of the Cigar Makers Union. This was a groups of skill workers in craft unions; African Americans and women were originally not allowed to become members. The AFL focused on the “Bread and Butter” issues: – Higher wages – Shorter hours – Better working conditions

Organized Labor Comparison Knights of LaborIndustrial Workers of the World American Federation of Labor Goal: cooperative society, (no violence), workers own businesses Goal: workers own businesses; was willing to use violence to achieve their goals. Goals= “Bread and Butter” objectives; favored collective bargaining and cooperation Membership was open to women, African Americans, skilled, and unskilled workers. Membership was open to unskilled African Americans. Unskilled workers, women, and African Americans were excluded. Died out after Haymarket Square Riots. Died out after World War I.Still exists today.

The Pullman Strike & Homestead Strikes **Violent strikes in the late 1900’s** Pullman Strike, 1894 [Pullman cars were luxury railroad cars for the wealthy. Pullman workers all lived in a company town in which they paid rent to and bought groceries from their employer.] The Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages, but maintained rent and grocery prices, causing workers to strike. Railroad workers across the country refused to run any trains that contained Pullman cars; this halted railroad commerce across the country, including mail delivery. President Cleveland ended the strike by sending federal troops to Chicago because it was impeding mail delivery. Pullman Strike, 1894 [Pullman cars were luxury railroad cars for the wealthy. Pullman workers all lived in a company town in which they paid rent to and bought groceries from their employer.] The Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages, but maintained rent and grocery prices, causing workers to strike. Railroad workers across the country refused to run any trains that contained Pullman cars; this halted railroad commerce across the country, including mail delivery. President Cleveland ended the strike by sending federal troops to Chicago because it was impeding mail delivery. Homestead Strike, 1892 The Homestead Strike occurred in a Carnegie Steel plant run by Henry Frick in Homestead, Pennsylvania. Frick hired armed guards (“Pinkerton Agents”) to protect the plant from strikers. They carried guns and worked as spies to try to break up unions. The strikers were armed and began fighting when Pinkerton agents arrived. After a daylong battle (9 strikers died), the strikers took over the plant; after the strike was ended, union members were excluded from the plant for 40 years. Homestead Strike, 1892 The Homestead Strike occurred in a Carnegie Steel plant run by Henry Frick in Homestead, Pennsylvania. Frick hired armed guards (“Pinkerton Agents”) to protect the plant from strikers. They carried guns and worked as spies to try to break up unions. The strikers were armed and began fighting when Pinkerton agents arrived. After a daylong battle (9 strikers died), the strikers took over the plant; after the strike was ended, union members were excluded from the plant for 40 years.

“New Immigrants” Before 1880, most immigrants came from Britain or western Europe (Ireland, Germany). A new wave of immigrants began in the 1880’s. They came from small towns and villages in southern and eastern Europe: – Italy – Poland – Russia (especially Jews) – Austria-Hungary The New Immigrants settled in cities in the Northeast and Midwest. Few new immigrants settled in the South. Before 1880, most immigrants came from Britain or western Europe (Ireland, Germany). A new wave of immigrants began in the 1880’s. They came from small towns and villages in southern and eastern Europe: – Italy – Poland – Russia (especially Jews) – Austria-Hungary The New Immigrants settled in cities in the Northeast and Midwest. Few new immigrants settled in the South.

Nativism &The Chinese Exclusion Act Nativists opposed Irish and German Catholic immigrants. Nativists also opposed new immigrants because: – They were Catholic and Jewish. – They spoke different languages and had came from different cultures. – They were unfamiliar with American politics. – They were willing to work for low wages, and thus threatened Americans’ jobs. Nativists opposed Irish and German Catholic immigrants. Nativists also opposed new immigrants because: – They were Catholic and Jewish. – They spoke different languages and had came from different cultures. – They were unfamiliar with American politics. – They were willing to work for low wages, and thus threatened Americans’ jobs. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first anti-immigrant law in the country’s history. It prohibited Chinese immigration to America Working class Americans felt threatened by the Chinese; they supported the law. California had particularly strong support for the law. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first anti-immigrant law in the country’s history. It prohibited Chinese immigration to America Working class Americans felt threatened by the Chinese; they supported the law. California had particularly strong support for the law.

Supporters and Reformers of the New Industrial Order Social Darwinism This is the belief that the fittest survive in both society and nature. Wealthy business leaders used SD-ism to justify their success. Sd-ists believed that industrial and urban problems were part of the natural evolutionary process, and therefore beyond their control. Gospel of Wealth This idea was promoted by Andrew Carnegie It is the belief that wealthy people have a duty to use their wealth to improve society (as philanthropists). Carnegie donated more than $350 million to support libraries, education, peace initiatives, and the arts. Rockefeller founded University of Chicago with some of his fortune. Social Gospel This was a reform movement based on the belief that Christians have a responsibility to confront social problems. To some, this is known as the “Third Great Awakening.” Christian ministers led the social gospel movement, as they believed Christ would not return until society was reformed.

Literature of the Industrial Revolution Realism was the most significant movement in American literature in the late 1800’s. Realism examined characters who were “ordinary and uninteresting.” Edward Bellamy’s book Looking Backward: 2000 to 1887 was a utopian reaction to the author’s disillusionment with problems created by industrial growth.

Art of the Industrial Revolution The Ashcan school of Art focused on urban scenes such as crowded tenements and boisterous barrooms. The 1913 Exhibition of Modern Art (“Armory Show”) first exposed the American public to new trends in European art. Visitors saw cubism and other modern art. This was a catalyst for American artists, who began to experiment with new art styles.