The Scientific Revolution 3.06 Compare the influence of religion, social structure, and colonial export economies on North and South American societies Evaluate the effects of colonialism on Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe Analyze the causes and assess the influence of seventeenth to nineteenth century political revolutions in England, North America, and France on individuals, governing bodies, church-state relations, and diplomacy

Causes of the Scientific Revolution By mastering Greek, European humanists were able to read newly discovered works by the philosophers Ptolemy, Archimedes, and Plato.

Causes of the Scientific Revolution New technology such as the telescope and microscope enabled individuals to make new scientific discoveries. The printing press helped spread new ideas quickly and easily.

Causes of the Scientific Revolution Advances in mathematics made calculations easier and played a key role in scientific achievements. Advances in algebra, trigonometry, and geometry allowed scientists to demonstrate proofs for their theories.

Scientific Breakthroughs Astronomers of the Middle Ages constructed a model of the universe called the Ptolemaic system after the astronomer Ptolemy. The Ptolemaic system is geocentric because it places Earth at the center of the universe.

Scientific Breakthroughs During the Scientific Revolution, Nicolaus Copernicus offered the heliocentric theory, which put the sun at the center of the universe.

Scientific Breakthroughs Johannes Kepler added to this theory by confirming the central position of the sun and adding information about the elliptical orbits of the planets.

Scientific Breakthroughs Galileo Galilei used a telescope to observe mountains on the moon, sun spots, and new moons in the heavens. His ideas were revolutionary and brought him into conflict with the Catholic Church.

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Scientific Breakthroughs Isaac Newton explained how the planets continually orbit the sun. Central to his argument was the universal law of gravitation. Newton’s ideas created a new picture of the universe. He is often considered the greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution.

Scientific Breakthroughs Breakthroughs in medicine occurred as scientists learned about human anatomy from dissections. New ideas about organs and blood flow replaced older fallacious understandings. In chemistry, Robert Boyle conducted controlled experiments on the properties of gases. Antoine Lavoisier invented a system for naming chemical elements that is still used today.

Women’s Contributions Despite overwhelming obstructions from male- dominated societies, women also contributed to the Scientific Revolution. Margaret Cavendish wrote against the new ideas that man could use science to master the natural world. Maria Winkelmann made contributions to astronomy, including the discovery of a comet.

Philosophy & Reason René Descartes was a French philosopher who is known as the father of rationalism. Rationalism is based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge.

Philosophy & Reason An English philosopher named Francis Bacon developed the scientific method. The scientific method was a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science. Bacon believed that scientists should not rely on the ideas of ancient authorities, but rather reach conclusions by using inductive reasoning.

Vocabulary 1 Heliocentric: literally, sun-centered; the theory of the universe proposed in 1543 by Nicholas Copernicus, who argued that the earth and planets revolve around the sun

Vocabulary 2 Rationalism: a system of thought expounded by René Descartes based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge

Vocabulary 3 scientific method: a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world