INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Chapter

The Beginning Enclosures Seed Drill (1701) Jethro Tull Crop Rotation Animals (Robert Bakewell) bred his best sheep Population increases…demand for workers

British Advantages 1) Large Population 2) Natural Resources 3) Economic prosperity 4) Factors of production –a) land –b) labor –c) capital

Textile Industry Flying shuttle (1733), John Kay Spinning Jenny (1764), James Hargreaves Water frame (1769), Richard Arkwright Spinning mule (1779), Samuel Crompton Power loom (1787), Edmund Cartwright Cotton gin (1793), Eli Whitney –American cotton increased from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810

Transportation 1) Steam Engine (1765), James Watt & Robert Fulton (Clermont) 2) Roads (1800s), stones for drainage 3) Turnpikes to pay a toll 4) Railroad (1820s) RR advantages –Cheap –New Jobs –Transport industries to distant areas –Travel for distant jobs

Urbanization Urbanization—city building and movement of people to cities London became Europe’s largest city of 1 million Living conditions –Garbage –Shelters –Cholera epidemics –Lifespan

Urbanization cont. Working conditions –14 hours a day –6 days a week –New dangers –Injuries, no aid –Coal mines and breathing –Child labor –Pollution

Urbanization cont. Class tensions –Middle class is a social class of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers –Upper middle class…govt workers, doctors, lawyers, and managers of factories –Lower middle class…toolmakers, drafters, printers, and factory overseers Education –Demand for clerical workers needing education

Industrialization Spreads United States –Samuel Slater emigrated and build spinning machine from memory –Moses Brown opened 1 st factory in Rhode Island in 1790

Later Expansion 1) Natural resources of oil, coal, and iron 2) Inventions of electric light bulb and telephone 3) Urban population boom 4) RR 5) Corporations— business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but not responsible for debts –Standard Oil…John D. Rockefeller –Carnegie Steel Company…Andrew Carnegie

European Industrialization French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars Belgium technology leader Germany imports and sends children to learn German RR Social structure and geography delay other areas

Reforms Laissez-faire –Letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference, favors free-market, from France Adam Smith (1776) Wealth of Nations Opposed govt efforts to help workers such as minimum wages and better working conditions

Reforms Capitalism –An economic system in which money is invested in business ventures with goal of making a profit Thomas Malthus –Argued that population increased more than food supply without wars and epidemics so most were destined to be poor and miserable David Ricardo –Permanent underclass would always be poor

Socialism Utilitarianism –Bentham thought people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility or usefulness –Also push for reforms in legal, educational and prison systems Utopia –Robert Owen built society in Indiana

Socialism –Factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all –Govt should plan the economy –Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto “Haves”…employers…bourgeoisie “Have-nots”…workers…proletariat –Final phase of communism would be complete socialism in which production would be totally owned by people and private property would cease to exist Religion, nationalism, ethnic loyalties, and democracy have influenced society so that socialism has not succeeded

Unionization Collective bargaining –Negotiations between workers and employers –Strike or refuse to work if conditions are not acceptable –Led to American Federation of Labor (AFL) Reform laws –Factory Act of 1833…no worker under 9, 9-12 only 8 hours, only 12 hours –Mines Act of 1842…no women/children underground –Ten Hours Act of 1847…10 hour workday for W/C in factories

Other Reformers William Wilberforce –Worked to abolish slavery in Britain (1833) Jane Addams –Worked for women’s rights in mid-1800s Horace Mann –Worked for free public education in US