MenuPreviousNext Do Now 3/6 nNULLIFY (NUL ih fy) v.  to make useless; cancel; undo nChristopher said his agreement to play for the Cowboys had been NULLIFIED due to his injury. nThe purchase contract could be NULLIFIED because it had never been signed by the buyer. nJane wanted her marriage ANNULLED because her husband was trying to NULLIFY their prenuptial agreement

MenuPreviousNext Phylum Cnidaria n4 Important Features  Hollow gut (digestive system)  First animals to move (nervous system)  Radial symmetry  Nematocysts Sponges – Filters of the Sea Chapter 5 Pages 5-30 to 5-32

MenuPreviousNext Radial Symmetry 5 - 3

MenuPreviousNext What kind of organisms are in the phylum Cnidaria?

MenuPreviousNext Coral…

MenuPreviousNext Jellyfish…

MenuPreviousNext Anemone…

MenuPreviousNext Sea Fans…

MenuPreviousNext Siphonophores…

MenuPreviousNext and Hydroids.

MenuPreviousNext Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria nCnidarians are very simple organisms.  They can basically be described as a cup or bag-like body made of two layers of cells, with tentacles around the rim.  They have a mouth that opens into the gastro-vascular cavity (a hollow gut in the middle of their body used for digestion/reproduction). Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-33 & 5-34

MenuPreviousNext Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria nCnidarians have two different body forms (life stages) which organisms can take. Some organisms even switch between the two at different stages in their life cycle!  Colonial organisms are called polyps. nThese animals are sessile and include coral, anemone, and the first life stage of some jellyfish.  Individuals that are free-floating are called medusa. nThese animals like and upside down polyp that is adapted for floating through the water column. They include jellyfish and the first life stage of most coral. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-33 & 5-34

MenuPreviousNext A typical cnidarian medusa.

MenuPreviousNext A typical cnidarian polyp.

MenuPreviousNext Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria Other characteristics of the Phylum Cnidaria include… nThey have radial symmetry – symmetry around a central point. nThey are structurally uncomplicated, with a simple nervous system, muscle nets, and light receptors. Although structurally simple, scientists believe that the nervous system of cnidarians was the first to have evolved on Earth. Because of this cnidarians are believed to be the first animals to have moved. nAll share the ability to defend themselves with nematocysts or stinging cells. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-33 & 5-34

MenuPreviousNext Do Now 3/10 nOBESE (oh BEECE) adj.  extremely fat; grossly overweight nFrederick was so OBESE he could not fit through the door. nOBESITY is a problem caused by lack of exercise, poor diet control, and metabolism. nOBESE people are frequently on diets all their lives

MenuPreviousNext Nematocysts nAll cnidarians have tentacles which are lined with stinging cells called nematocysts. (Although not all of them can sting a human.)  Cnidarians use their tentacles to ensnare their prey, inject a paralyzing (or sometimes fatal) venom and then bring the food item into their mouth for digestion.  The development of this way of feeding is probably the reason for the development of the cnidarians primitive nerve net. The ability to move allowed cnidarians to be the very first “active hunters” on the planet. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-33 & 5-34

MenuPreviousNext Nematocysts nNematocysts consist of a triggering mechanism and a coiled “harpoon” used to inject the venom.  When the nematocyst is activated the harpoon is discharged from the cell at a rate of up to 700 nanoseconds! This is one of the fasted movements on the face of the planet! Visual evidence of the process was not even documented until 2006, the first year that cameras fast enough to detect discharge were available! Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-33 & 5-34

MenuPreviousNext Special Attributes of Coral and Anemones nThe largest class in phylum Cnidaria is class Anthozoa, the coral and anemones.  Members of this class are polyps that attach to the reef or other substrate.  Coral and gorgonians (soft coral) are colonial, anemones are individual organisms.  Coral polyps house themselves in small holes called a calyx. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-34 to 5-36

MenuPreviousNext Special Attributes of Coral and Anemones nHard coral are the most ecologically significant thanks to the massive calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) reefs they build.  These are the only coral that build massive coral reefs.  They are sensitive to runoffs, fertilizers, etc. that can cause damage.  When coral are stressed they become colorless. This is called coral bleaching – a sign of a diseased and dying colony. Coral bleaches because the zooxanthellae, which gives coral its color, leaves the polyp. nWithout Symbiodinium (zooxanthellae), coral could not exist as we know it. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-34 to 5-36

MenuPreviousNext Special Attributes of Coral and Anemones nExample of coral bleaching. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-34 to 5-36

MenuPreviousNext Special Attributes of Coral and Anemones nSoft coral, or gorgonians, grow into tree-like structures built on protein skeletons. They are not reef builders and do not rely on zooxanthellae as much as hard coral. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-34 to 5-36

MenuPreviousNext Special Attributes of Coral and Anemones nAlso included in the soft coral group are organisms known as sea fans. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-34 to 5-36

MenuPreviousNext Special Attributes of Coral and Anemones nAnemones have a mutualistic relationship with various species of anemonefish.  The fish receive protection by living in the anemone and the anemone receives food from the fish. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-34 to 5-36

MenuPreviousNext Do Now 3/12 nOFFAL (AW full) n.  waste parts, especially of a butchered animal; rubbish nThe dog rooted through the OFFAL for scraps of food. nThe young cheetah left the OFFAL of his prey to the buzzards. nThe butcher saved the OFFAL for his dogs

MenuPreviousNext Special Attributes of Fire Coral and Siphonophores nBoth fire coral and siphonophores belong in the class Hydrozoa.  Fire coral is one of the cnidarians that can sting humans.  It gets its name from the burn you get from touching them.  It is not serious unless the individual has an allergic reaction or the fire coral makes contact with a large portion of the body. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-36 & 5-37

MenuPreviousNext Special Attributes of Fire Coral and Siphonophores nOther examples of fire coral. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-36 & 5-37

MenuPreviousNext Special Attributes of Fire Coral and Siphonophores Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-36 & 5-37

MenuPreviousNext Special Attributes of Fire Coral and Siphonophores nSiphonophores exist as planktonic colonies, yet within the colonies are special organisms adapted to feeding, reproduction, movement and other functions.  The Portuguese man-of-war is an example of this. It is not a true jellyfish.  Siphonophores can exceed 40 meters (131 feet) in length. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-36 & 5-37

MenuPreviousNext Special Attributes of Fire Coral and Siphonophores nThe Portuguese man-of-war (also commonly referred to as the “blue bottle”) is one of the most painful and dangerous stings of any cnidarian. While not usually fatal, it can be extremely painful and leave permanent scarring. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-36 & 5-37

MenuPreviousNext Special Attributes of Fire Coral and Siphonophores nThe results of a Portuguese man-of-war sting. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-36 & 5-37

MenuPreviousNext Special Attributes of Jellyfish n Not all jellyfish are closely related.  Jellyfish are members of class Scyphozoa.  Box jellyfish are members of class Cubozoa. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Special Attributes of Jellyfish nComb jellyfish appear to be jellyfish, but are members of phylum Ctenophora.  Comb jellies lack the bag-like cnidarian body shape.  Unlike jellies they have cilia on their surfaces to help them move.  They lack stinging nematocysts. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Special Attributes of Jellyfish nJellyfish consist of a gel-like bell which is harmless to the touch with tentacles dangling away from it. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Jellyfish nDifferent types of jellyfish.  Moon jelly. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Jellyfish nDifferent types of jellyfish.  Cassiopeia, the up-side down jellyfish. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Jellyfish nDifferent types of jellyfish.  Cassiopeia, the up-side down jellyfish. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Jellyfish nDifferent types of jellyfish.  Cannonball jellyfish. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Jellyfish nDifferent types of jellyfish.  Blue Jellyfish. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Jellyfish nDifferent types of jellyfish.  Mushroom cap jellyfish. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Jellyfish nDifferent types of jellyfish.  Purple jellyfish. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Jellyfish nDifferent types of jellyfish.  NEW SPECIES. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Jellyfish nDifferent types of jellyfish.  NEW SPECIES “Big Red”. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Dangerous Jellyfish nDifferent types of jellyfish.  Lion’s mane jellyfish. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Dangerous Jellyfish nDifferent types of jellyfish.  Sea nettle. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Dangerous Jellyfish nThe Box jellyfish.  The term box jellyfish refers to many different types of species. However, all box jellyfish are considered extremely hazardous. Some even consider them the most toxic organism on the planet! Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Dangerous Jellyfish nThe Box jellyfish. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Dangerous Jellyfish nThe Box jellyfish. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Dangerous Jellyfish nThe Box jellyfish. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Dangerous Jellyfish nThe Box jellyfish stings. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Dangerous Jellyfish nThe Box jellyfish stings. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Dangerous Jellyfish nThe Irukandji. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext Dangerous Jellyfish nThe Irukandji. Coral, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish Chapter 5 Pages 5-38 to 5-40

MenuPreviousNext THE END