Chapter 05 Quality Planning SaigonTech – Engineering Division Software Project Management in Practice By Pankaj Jalote © 2003 by Addison Wesley

 Not only Cost & Schedule but QUALITY is also a major factor in determining the success of the project.

3 Contents 1.Quality Concepts 2.Models of Quality Management 3.Quantitative Quality Management Planning Steps 4.Case Study – The ACIC Project 5.Summary SaigonTech – Engineering Division

4 1. Quality Concepts 1.1 Defect 1.2 Defect injection and removal cycle 1.3 Software quality 1.4 Quality management activities SaigonTech – Engineering Division

1.1 Defect  Defect in software is something that causes the software to behave in a manner that is inconsistent with the requirement of the need of the customer  For High Quality software, the final product should have as few defects as possible  Since Software Development is a HUMAN activity, it is not possible to prevent injection of all defects. But it can be reduced by Quality control activity, which is Review & Testing 1.2 Defect injection and removal cycle

1.3 Software quality  There are many characteristic which define Quality. But the de facto industry standard definition of Quality is: “ The number of defects per unit size in the delivered software ”  This is problematical for software systems -Tension between customer quality requirements (efficiency, reliability, etc.) and developer quality requirements (maintainability, reusability, etc.) -Some quality requirements are difficult to specify in an unambiguous way -Software specifications are usually incomplete and often inconsistent Software quality attributes:

1.4 Quality management activities  Quality assurance -Establish organisational procedures and standards for quality  Quality planning -Select applicable procedures and standards for a particular project and modify these as required  Quality control -Ensure that procedures and standards are followed by the software development team, such as Requirement Review, Design Review, Code review, Unit Testing, Integration Testing, System Testing & Acceptance Testing  Quality management should be separate from project management to ensure independence

Quality management and software development

9 2. Models of Quality Management  A good quality management approach should provide warning signs early in the project & not just towards the end  Early warning allow for timely intervention  Therefore during project execution some parameter are measured & compared with the estimated values to determine whether the project is going along “ desired ” path. 2.1 Procedural Approach to Quality Management 2.2 Quantitative Approach to Quality Management SaigonTech – Engineering Division

2.1 Procedural Approach to Quality Management  Defects are detected by performing Review or Testing  Review are structured, human oriented process  Testing is the process of executing software to identify defects  In procedural approach for Quality management, procedures & guidelines for review & testing are established  Executing a set of defect removal procedures does not provide a basis for judging their effectiveness or assessing the quality of the final code

2.2 Quantitative Approach to Quality Management  Is the process of controlling the Quality of the software based on quantitative data  Two key aspects: setting a quantitative quality goal and then managing the software development process quantitatively so that this quality goal is met (with a high degree of confidence)  Software reliability: use the failure data during the final stages of testing to estimate the reliability of the software  Defect removal efficiency: the defect removal efficiency is defined as the percentage of existing total defects that are detected by the QC activity  Defect prediction: you set the quality goal in terms of delivered defect density. You set the intermediate goals by estimating the number of defects that may be identified by various defect detection activities; then you compare the actual number of defects to the estimated defect levels

 Defect removal efficiency  Defect prediction

3. Quantitative Quality Management Planning Steps  This process involves setting the Quality goals for the project  The quality goal is the expected no of defects during acceptance test, and the primary source for setting the quality goals are PDB & PCB  Steps to build Quality Planning: 3.1 Setting the Quality Goal 3.2 Estimating Defects for Other Stages 3.2 Modifying Quality Process Planning (if any) 3.4 Planning of Defect Prevention

3.1 Setting the Quality Goal  Two primary sources can be used for setting the quality goal: past data from similar projects and data from the PCB  You can set the quality target as the number of defects per function point, or you set the target in terms of the process's defect removal efficiency (the number of defects to be expected during acceptance testing) 3.2 Estimating Defects for other stage:  From the estimate of the total no of defects that will be introduced during the course of the project, the defect level for different testing stage are forecast by using percentage distribution of defects as given in PCB 3.3 Modifying Quality Process Planning (if any)

3.4 Planning of Defect Prevention  For a stable process, the defect removal efficiency is also generally stable. Hence, the higher the defect injection rate, the poorer the quality. Clearly, for a given process and its removal efficiency, the quality of the final delivered software can be improved if fewer defects are introduced while the software is being built. This recognition serves as the quality motivation for defect prevention. Defect distribution at Infosys PCB

16 4. Case Study – ACIC project  ACIC Corporation is a multibillion-dollar financial institution. To keep up with the times, several years ago it started slowly Web-enabling its applications, and it wanted to start an on-line service for opening and tracking accounts. Because Infosys had successfully built some e-services for ACIC earlier in a project called Synergy (name changed), ACIC employed Infosys to analyze the problem. This work was executed in time and material (T&M) mode—that is, the customer paid for the effort spent by Infosys in doing the analysis. The project successfully released the new service in time, and the software has been in operation without any problem.  Quality Planning: please refer to: Chapter 05 - ACIC project_Quality Plan.docx SaigonTech – Engineering Division

17 5. Summary  The methods described in this chapter satisfy the quality planning requirements of the Software Product Engineering KPA and the planning requirements of the Peer Review KPA at level 3 of the CMM.  They also satisfy the quantitative quality planning requirements of the Software Quality Management KPA at level 4. The defect prevention planning satisfies some requirements of the Defect Prevention KPA of level 5 SaigonTech – Engineering Division

18  Source: SaigonTech – Engineering Division

19 References  Pankaj Jalote (2003), Software Project Management in Practice: Chapter 5. Quality Planning, Addison Wesley  Ian Sommerville (2004), Software Engineering (7th Edition): Chapter 27, Addison Wesley  /Quality%20Planning%20And%20Defects.ppt SaigonTech – Engineering Division