FUNDAMENTALS OF WRITING Class 3 March 10, 2014

Today Paragraph structure review The writing process

Paragraph Structure Review Elements of a paragraph: - Topic sentence - Explanation - Evidence - Explanation of evidence - Concluding statement

Paragraph Structure Review Writing an essay is a complicated process. A writer cannot simply start typing on a keyboard and expect an excellent product as a result. In fact, writing a high-quality essay requires a time investment and several steps. For example, before writing an essay about a chosen topic, the writer must research the topic and make a formal outline of the essay. These initial steps of the writing process can take hours or days, and the writer may not even have started a first draft, yet. Indeed, writing can be a difficult, time-consuming activity.

Paragraph Structure Review Writing an essay is a complicated process. A writer cannot simply start typing on a keyboard and expect an excellent product as a result. In fact, writing a high-quality essay requires a time investment and several steps. For example, before writing an essay about a chosen topic, the writer must research the topic and make a formal outline of the essay. These initial steps of the writing process can take hours or days, and the writer may not even have started a first draft, yet. Indeed, writing can be a difficult, time-consuming activity.

Paragraph Structure Review Writing an essay is a complicated process. A writer cannot simply start typing on a keyboard and expect an excellent product as a result. In fact, writing a high-quality essay requires a time investment and several steps. For example, before writing an essay about a chosen topic, the writer must research the topic and make a formal outline of the essay. These initial steps of the writing process can take hours or days, and the writer may not even have started a first draft, yet. Indeed, writing can be a difficult, time-consuming activity.

Paragraph Structure Review Writing an essay is a complicated process. A writer cannot simply start typing on a keyboard and expect an excellent product as a result. In fact, writing a high-quality essay requires a time investment and several steps. For example, before writing an essay about a chosen topic, the writer must research the topic and make a formal outline of the essay. These initial steps of the writing process can take hours or days, and the writer may not even have started a first draft, yet. Indeed, writing can be a difficult, time-consuming activity.

Paragraph Structure Review Writing an essay is a complicated process. A writer cannot simply start typing on a keyboard and expect an excellent product as a result. In fact, writing a high-quality essay requires a time investment and several steps. For example, before writing an essay about a chosen topic, the writer must research the topic and make a formal outline of the essay. These initial steps of the writing process can take hours or days, and the writer may not even have started a first draft, yet. Indeed, writing can be a difficult, time-consuming activity.

Paragraph Structure Review Writing an essay is a complicated process. A writer cannot simply start typing on a keyboard and expect an excellent product as a result. In fact, writing a high-quality essay requires a time investment and several steps. For example, before writing an essay about a chosen topic, the writer must research the topic and make a formal outline of the essay. These initial steps of the writing process can take hours or days, and the writer may not even have started a first draft, yet. Indeed, writing can be a difficult, time-consuming activity.

The Writing Process Obviously, you should not simply start writing a paper as soon as you have a topic. “Good” writing is not accomplished in one step, either. Writing is a continuous process. Source:

The Writing Process The first thing to consider for any piece of writing (academic, business-related, creative…) is, the audience. Audience Analysis: - Who is going to read this? - How much do they know about the topic? - What do they need to know through this writing? - What is the reader’s purpose for reading this?

Audience Analysis Hey man, I want to get the answers to last week’s exam. Give me a call at 010-****-**** Thanks.

The Writing Process Four Steps: 1. Pre-writing a. Choosing & narrowing a topic b. Generating ideas 2. Planning (outlining) a. Organize your ideas b. Create a topic sentence (or thesis statement) c. Make an outline 3. Writing 4. Polishing a. Revising b. Editing

1. Pre-Writing a. Narrowing a topic - Can be tricky. - Need to avoid broad topics that will overwhelm you. i.e., The Environment

1. Pre-Writing Topic: The Environment - Far too broad. ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION OCEAN POLLUTION OIL SPILLS EFFECTS ON SEA LIFE EFFECTS ON SEA BIRDS

Training: Creating Confidence Drinking behavior at MTb Alcohol  Campus couples Activities  Remembering colleagues’ names

1. Pre-Writing b. Generating ideas There are several ways to do this: i.e.,)- Journal writing - Listing - Free writing - Clustering - Discussion The important thing is to GENERATE IDEAS In other words: “Brainstorming”

Listing

Clustering

1. Pre-Writing b. Generating ideas - No method is better than the others. - It’s a matter of personal taste (and time).

2. Planning a. Organize your ideas. - Take your pre-writing notes and organize them into categories

Listing

2. Planning b. Topic Sentence. - Using your organized ideas, make a topic sentence (or thesis statement).

2. Planning c. Make an outline.

2. Planning c. Make an outline. T.S. Supporting point Concl. Supporting details

3. Writing JUST WRITE. The first draft is sometimes called the “sloppy copy”. Do not worry about grammar, word choice, spelling mistakes, or anything else. Just turn your outline into paragraph form.

Outline T.S. Supporting point Concl. Supporting details

4. Polishing a. Revising Goal: Check & improve content and organization i.e.,) coherence, logic, explanations & evidence.

4. Polishing a. Revising During this process, do not try to correct grammar, sentence structure, or punctuation. The focus is on content and organization.

4. Polishing a. Revising - Read over the paragraph (essay) carefully. Get a general overview. - Check for a proper topic sentence. - Make sure your paragraph supports the topic sentence. - Check for logic and coherence. - Remove any off-topic/irrelevant sentences. - Check for sufficient explanation and evidence. - Check for an appropriate concluding sentence.

4. Polishing a. Revising Italy is a country in Europe. One reason Italy is a great place to live is its food. France has a wide variety of foods, many of which are famous worldwide. France, another European country, also has excellent food. In addition, Italy is a beautiful country, with many interesting places to visit.

4. Polishing a. Revising Italy is a country in Europe (not a topic sentence). One reason Italy is a great place to live is its food (why?!). Italy has a wide variety of foods, many of which are famous worldwide (example?). France, another European country, also has excellent food (what the hell?). In addition, Italy is a beautiful country, with many interesting places to visit (so what?!). (Conclusion?)

4. Polishing a. Revising Italy, one of Europe’s most well-known countries, is an excellent place to live.(proper topic sentence). One reason Italy is a great place to live is its food. Food is often considered to be one of the most important elements of choosing a place to live (explanation). Italy has a wide variety of foods, many of which are famous worldwide. For example, pasta, a staple Italian food, is one of the world’s most popular menu items.(example). (France is no longer mentioned) In addition, to food, the surroundings and atmosphere of a country have a strong influence on its livability. Italy is beautiful, picturesque country, with many interesting places to visit. World famous sites, such as the Coliseum, and vacation spots, such as Tuscany add to Italy’s already natural allure (example). In sum, Italy, with its variety of foods and interesting places is a great place to call home (conclusion).

4. Polishing a. Revising

4. Polishing After revising, write a second draft using your corrections.

4. Polishing b. Editing (proofreading)

4. Polishing b. Editing - Check each sentence for completeness. - Check mechanics (spelling, punctuation, capitalization). - Check for mistakes such as noun-verb agreement, verb tense, noun plurals, articles, etc. - Check for incorrectly used words. - Check for contractions. - Check for use of personal pronouns (i.e., “I”, “we”).

4. Polishing b. Editing - Check each sentence for completeness. i.e., Since he came to Daegu. Because it is important. Dependent clauses (must be connected to a “complete thought”) - independent clause

4. Polishing b. Editing - Check each sentence for completeness. Since he came to Daegu, Tony has lost 10 kg. He exercises everyday because it is important.

4. Polishing b. Editing Check mechanics (spelling, punctuation, capitalization). - These kinds of mistakes make you appear lazy. - This is the worst way to lose grades. people often say the food in england is knot very good. Howevr, it is improving know.

4. Polishing b. Editing Check for mistakes such as noun-verb agreement, verb tense, noun plurals, articles, etc. - This requires careful reading. - It is often helpful to record yourself reading your work, so you can hear mistakes you don’t see.

4. Polishing Check for mistakes such as noun-verb agreement, verb tense, noun plurals, articles, etc. - The people in the lobby has packages to deliver. - Yesterday, several people from the safety committee go to the accident site. - Two ship collided, which caused an oil spill. - The Madagascar is island in Indian Ocean.

4. Polishing - The people in the lobby has packages to deliver.  The people in the lobby have packages to deliver. - Yesterday, several people from the safety committee go to the accident site.  Yesterday, several people from the safety committee went to the accident site. - Two ship collided, which caused an oil spill.  Two ships collided, which caused an oil spill. - The Madagascar is island in Indian Ocean.  Madagascar is an island in the Indian Ocean.

4. Polishing Check for mistakes such as noun-verb agreement, verb tense, noun plurals, articles, etc. NOTE: Be careful of “to be” verbs - They was go to Everland.  They went to Everland. - Tony and Andrew are meet for lunch every Saturday.  Tony and Andrew meet for lunch every Saturday.

4. Polishing b. Editing Check for incorrectly used words. - Everyone was present accept Tom. except - Mark is successful in negotiations because people believe him. trust

4. Polishing b. Editing Check for contractions. Check for use of personal pronouns (i.e., “I”, “we”). - Do not use “don’t” (or “can’t”, “shouldn’t”, etc.) - Avoid: “I”, “you”, “we”, “our”. NOTE: This is especially important if you are writing about Korea (or your native country).

Finally… Re-write using your editing notes. This may be your final draft… …but it is always good to get a second opinion.