1.Basic word Structure. 2.Anatomical Positions & Directions. 3.Digestive System. 4.Respiratory System. 5.Blood. 6.Cardiovascular System. 7.Urinary System. 8.Skin.

9.Eye & Vision. 10.Ear & Hearing. 11.Nervous System. 12.Muscular System. 13.Skeletal System. 14.Reproductive System. 15.Pharmacy. 16.Radiograph.

SUBJECTGRADE Quizzes10 First Assessment Exam 10 Second Assessment Exam 10 Final Practical Exam 20 Self Learning (Project) 10 Final Exam 40 TOTAL100

Foundation year

At the end of this lecture, you should able to: Define the word parts. Give an example of how the word parts are used. Recognize and use some general nouns, adjectives and plurals used in medical terminology. Analyze the word parts in a case study.

are: 1.Word root 2. Suffix 3. Prefix 4.Combining vowel The four parts of the word

WORD ROOT The main part or foundation of a word: Example: cardiac; cardi / ac root (heart)

SUFFIX Word ending. Example: cardiac; cardi / ac suffix (pertaining to)

Another example: carditis; card / itis root suffix (heart) (inflammation)

PREFIX Word beginning. It changes the meaning of the root. Prefixes, usually; not always, indicate to location, time or number.

Example: pre/natal peri/natal post/natal prefix prefix prefix (before (around) (after) or in front of)

COMBINING VOWEL A vowel (usually o) linking the root to the suffix or to another root. Example: gastr o enter o logy root root suffix (stomach) (intestine) (study of) combining vowel

The combination of a word root with the combining vowel called COMBINING FORM. Example: cardiogram; cardi o gram root combining suffix (heart) vowel (record)

COMMONLY USED PREFIXES 1. abnormal (means away from normal).abnormal (adj) Noun is abnormality. Adverb is abnormally.

2. afebrile (means without fever). a means no or without. 3. anaemia (n) (a-nee-mia) means a condition where the level of haemoglobin or red blood cells is less than normal. The prefix an means no or without. The suffix -emia means blood condition. Anaemic is adj.

4. diagnose (v) means identify a patient’s condition or illness by examining the patient and noting symptoms. dia- means through. gnose means knowledge. Diagnosis (n) Diagnostic (adj)

5. dysuria (n) (dis-yoor-ia) means pain or difficulty in passing urine. dys uria prefix suffix (difficult) (urine condition)

6. endoscopy (n) (en-dos-ko-pi) means an examination of the inside of the body using an endoscope. endoscopic (adj) endo scopy prefix suffix (inside) (visual examination)

7. Hypertension (n) (hy- per-ten-shon) means high blood pressure. hypertensive (adj) 8. Hypotension means low blood pressure. hypo is opposite to hyper

9. intercostal (adj) (inter-kos-t’l) means between the ribs. inter cost al prefix root suffix (between) (ribs) (pertaining to)

10. intravenous (adj) (intra-vee-nus) means within a vein. intravenously (adverb) intra ven ous prefix root suffix (within) (vein) (pertaining to)

11. preoperative (adj) (pree- op-er-a-tiv): means before operation. 12. postoperative (adj) means after. 13. subcutaneous (adj) (sub-kew-tay-nius): means under the skin. Opposites super- and supra- means above.

COMMONLY USED SUFFIXES 1. Angiography (n) (an-ji-og-rafi) means an X-ray examination of blood vessels. angi/o means blood vessel. The suffix –graphy means the process of recording a picture. angiograph (n) or angiogram

2. angioplasty (n) (an-ji-oh-plas-ti) means a surgical repair of blood vessels. 3. cardiac (adj) (kar-di-ak) means pertaining to the heart. Heart (n).

4. Cardiology (n) (kar-di-ol-oji) means the study of the structure, function and diseases of the heart. The suffix –logy means study of. cardiological (adj) cardiologist (n) means doctor who specialises in heart diseases.

5. Gastritis (n) (gas-try-tis) means an inflammation of the stomach. The suffix -itis means inflammation. 6. Gastroscopy (n) (gas-tros-ko-pi) means a visual examination of the stomach. gastroscopic (adj)

7. nephrosis (n) (ni-froh-sis) means any disease of the kidney. The suffix –osis means abnormal condition. 8. neural (adj) (newr-al) means pertaining to the nerve.

9. neuralgia (n) (newr-al-ja) means severe burning or stabbing pain in a nerve. The suffix -algia means pain. 10. tracheostomy (n) (tray-ki-ost-omi) means surgical operation to make an opening in the trachea. The suffix –stomy means to create surgically an opening.

11. gastrectomy (n) (gas-trek-tomi) means surgical removal or excision of the stomach. 12. gastric (adj) (gas-trik) means pertaining to the stomach. Stomach (n)

Prefixes and roots denoting number or size bi – diplo hemi- hyper- hypo- iso- macro- megalo two two, double half over or more than usual under or less than usual equal, same large enlargement

Prefixes and roots denoting number or size micro- mono- multi- nulli- poly- semi- tri- Uni- small one many none many half/partial three one