Lec~3 (Ch ) Obj: Understand the cause for the terror and its results

Committee of Public Safety (COPS)  Goal: To save the Revolution Oversee & speed up the work of the gov. during this crisis

Leaders of the Terror ( ) Marat (1744 – 1793) Danton (1759 – 1794) MaximilienRobespierre (1758 – 1794)

The Reign of Terror Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre c The Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris  Were you an “enemy of the people?” (very broad) c Executed 2,639 victims in 15 months c Victims nationwide~ over 20,000! c 300,000 arrested

Different Social Classes Executed 28% 31% 25% 8% 7% “Let terror be the order of the day!”

Religious Terror: De-Christianization ( )  The Catholic Church symbol of counter-revolution & Ancient Régime  Religion had no place in a rational, secular republic  The adoption of a new Republican Calendar:  Abolished Sundays & religious holidays.

The Radical’s Arms: No God! No Religion! No King! No Constitution!

The Guillotine: An “Enlightenment Tool”? Oh, thou charming guillotine, You shorten kings and queens; By your influence divine, We have re-conquered our rights. Come to aid of the Country And let your superb instrument Become forever permanent To destroy the impious sect. Sharpen your razor for Pitt and his agents Fill your divine sack with heads of tyrants.

The “Monster” Guillotine The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939! The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939!

The “Thermidorean Reaction,” 1794 PJuly 26  Robespierre gives a speech illustrating new plots & conspiracies  alienated members of COPS PJuly 27  the Convention arrests Robespierre PJuly 28  Robespierre is tried & guillotined The Arrest of Robespierre

The Revolution Consumes Its Own Children! Danton Awaits Execution, 1793 Robespierre Lies Wounded Before the Revolutionary Tribunal that will order him to be guillotined, 1794.

Jacques Louis David 1793 ~ Neoclassical Paul Jacques Aimee 19c. Romanticism

Revolutionary Accomplishments by the Convention 1.Destroyed the Ancient Regime Overthrew the Monarchy Overthrew the Monarchy 2.Brought church under gov. control 3.Continuing reform of schools & other social services Abolished slavery within France (1791) French colonies (1794) Abolished slavery within France (1791) French colonies (1794) Legalized divorce and shared inheritance laws [even for illegitimate offspring] in an attempt to destroy inequalities Legalized divorce and shared inheritance laws [even for illegitimate offspring] in an attempt to destroy inequalities

The N.C. Establishes… The Government of the Directory –Could not solve problems 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte seized power over France –coup d’ etat

Bibliographic Resources « “Hist210—Europe in the Age of Revolutions.” chron/rch5.htm chron/rch5.htm chron/rch5.htm « “Liberty, Fraternity, Equality: Exploring the French Revolution.” « Matthews, Andrew. Revolution and Reaction: Europe, Cambridge University Press, « “The Napoleonic Guide.”