 Mendicants – those who lived by begging ( medicare)  Orders of monks who embraced poverty (Mt 8:19-20)  Peter Waldo (Merchant from Lyons)  Started the Waldensians  Francis of Assisi (Franciscan order)  Mt 10:7-10 inspired him to combine poverty, preaching  Missions to Egypt, Persia, Ethiopia, India, China  1000s have given lives preaching to Muslims  St. Dominic (Dominican order)  Also mission minded, but more academic

St. Francis of Assisi “Preach the Gospel all the time. If necessary, use words.”

 Compromise on Francis’ ideals after his death  Order began to be very wealthy  Franciscans and Dominicans still around today  Some have become popes  Don’t have same poverty emphasis

Given name: Lotario de’ Conti di Segni  Sicily became fiefdom of papacy  Helped Frederick II become Emperor  Forced King of France to take back first wife  England became fiefdom of papacy  Spain became fiefdom of papacy

 Doctrine of transubstantiation  Instituted inquisition  Required cathedral schools, open to poor  Clergy barred from theatre, games, hunting, etc.  Confession at least once per year  New relics needed papal approval  Jews/Muslims in Christian areas dress differently  Clergy could not charge for sacraments  All this in three one-day sessions

 Believed that Pope was more than human  Boniface VIII ( )  Bull Unam Sanctam (One Holy) One sword must be under the other, and temporal authority must be subject to the spiritual…Therefore, if earthly power strays from the right path it is to be judged by the spiritual…But if the supreme spiritual authority strays, it can only be judged by God, and not by humans…We further declare, affirm, and define that it is absolutely necessary for salvation that all human creatures be under the Roman pontiff.  Three observations

One sword must be under the other, and temporal authority must be subject to the spiritual…Therefore, if earthly power strays from the right path it is to be judged by the spiritual…But if the supreme spiritual authority strays, it can only be judged by God, and not by humans…We further declare, affirm, and define that it is absolutely necessary for salvation that all human creatures be under the Roman pontiff.  Pope’s authority over all (including emperor’s)  No one has the right to question the Church  No one outside of R.C. Church can be saved