© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 11: Industry The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is Industry Distributed? Origin of industry –From cottage industries to the Industrial Revolution –Impact of the Industrial Revolution especially great on iron, coal, transportation, textiles, chemicals, and food processing

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution Figure 11-2

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is Industry Distributed? Industrial regions –Europe Emerged in late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries –North America Industry arrived later but spread faster than in Europe –East Asia

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Industrial Regions Figure 11-3

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Industrial Areas in Europe Figure 11-4

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Industrial Areas in North America Figure 11-5

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Situation Factors Important? Proximity to inputs –Bulk-reducing industries –Examples: Copper Steel Figure 11-8

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Situation Factors Important? Proximity to markets –Bulk-gaining industries –Examples: Fabricated metals Beverage production –Single-market manufacturers –Perishable products Figure 11-10

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Situation Factors Important? Ship, rail, truck, or air? –The farther something is transported, the lower the cost per km/mile –Cost decreases at different rates for each of the four modes Truck = most often for short-distance travel Train = used to ship longer distances (1 day +) Ship = slow, but very low cost per km/mile Air = most expensive, but very fast

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Site Factors Important? Labor –The most important site factor. –11% of overall manufacturing costs in US. –Labor-intensive industries – labor is high % of overall expense Examples: textiles

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cotton Yarn Production Figure Textile and apparel spinning: mostly women/children spinning and carding. Today ¾ production is synthetic. 97% production in LDCs

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Woven Cotton Fabric Production Figure Textile and apparel weaving: higher skill. Mostly done by males. 90% done in China/India

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Production of Women’s Blouses Figure Textile and apparel assembly: Sewing oldest of the three. Four main types of production: 1) garments 2) carpets 3) home products 4) industrial items 2/3 done in MDC’s

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Site Factors Important? Land –Rural sites = contemporary times versus early years –Better transportation, cheaper land –Environmental factors : access to energy and climate Capital- manufacturers need $ for start up. LDC versus MDC Figure 11-20

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Location Factors Changing? Attraction of new industrial regions –Changing industrial distribution within MDCs Interregional shift within the United States –Right-to-work laws –Textile production Interregional shifts in Europe –Convergence shifts –Competitive and employment regions

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Changing U.S. Manufacturing Figure 11-21

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Manufacturers of Men’s and Women’s Socks and Hosiery Figure 11-22

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. European Union Structural Funds Figure 11-23

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Location Factors Changing? Attraction of new industrial regions –International shifts in industry East Asia South Asia Latin America –Changing distributions –Outsourcing

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. World Steel Production Figure 11-24

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Global Production Figure 11-25

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Apparel Production and Jobs in the United States Figure 11-26

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Location Factors Changing? Renewed attraction of traditional industrial regions –Proximity to skilled labor Fordist, or mass production Post-Fordist, or lean production Just-in-time delivery

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Electronic Computing Manufacturing Figure 11-28

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Women’s and Girls’ Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing Figure 11-29

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The End. Up next: Services