Unit 3 - Neurobiology and Communication CfE Higher Human Biology Communication and Social Behaviour

Learning Intentions I can explain the importance of early infant attachment in laying the foundation for stable relationships in the future. I can explain that infants may develop secure attachment or insecure attachment I can state that infants forming secure attachment are more likely to investigate their immediate environment helping the development of cognitive abilities I can state that infants forming insecure attachment are less likely to investigate their environment I can define consequences of insecure attachment as responses of detachment, anger and inconsistent responses towards mother/other adults I can state that humans have a long period of dependency providing time for socialisation and learning to occur I can explain authoritative control as setting limits, rules and high standards but explains reasons for having them I can explain permissive control as not setting limits or boundaries and allows the child to regulate their own behaviour I can state that authoritative control generally results in greater social competence than permissive control I can state that non-verbal communication is important in the formation of relationships between individuals I can describe the importance of body language in signalling attitudes and emotions and as an aid to verbal communication I can state that verbal communication is used in the transmission of knowledge, development of culture and social evolution I can define learning as a change in behaviour as a result of experience I can state that repetition of a motor skill results in a motor pathway being established I can state that human behaviour can be learned by observation and imitation I can define reinforcement as the process that makes an organism tend to repeat a certain piece of behaviour I can define shaping as the reinforcement of approximations of a desired response in order to achieve a particular behaviour I can describe extinction as the loss of a behaviour as a consequence of no reinforcement I can define social facilitation as an increase in performance in competitive/audience situations I can define de-individuation as the loss of personal identity in a group leading to diminished restraints on behaviour I can define internalisation as a change of beliefs as a result of persuasion I can define identification as a change of beliefs to be like an admired influencing source e.g. hero

1.The Effect Of Infant Attachment. Humans are social animals which involves communicating with each other. Social Behaviour involves transmitting and receiving information using signs and signals. Communication in humans begins at birth.

Infant Attachment The period of dependency of a human infant upon adults is lengthy. Infant attachment Is the emotional tie that binds a baby to its carer.

Infant Attachment Studies Harlow’s Monkeys (1958) This was a study carried out by Harry Harlow on infant monkeys. Harlow wanted to study the mechanisms by which newborn rhesus monkeys bond to their mothers. This research was controversial due to concerns over treatment of animals. Answer the following questions as you watch the attached clip. 1.What is the difference between the two ‘mothers’? 2.Which ‘mother’ does the baby monkey stay with the longest 3.Which ‘mother’ does the baby go to when frightened? 4. How does the baby monkey’s behaviour change once it is comforted by the ‘mother’

Infant Attachment Studies Conclusions Harlow concluded that for a monkey to develop normally s/he must have some interaction with an object to which they can cling during the first months of life (critical period). Clinging is a natural response - in times of stress the monkey runs to the object to which it normally clings as if the clinging decreases the stress. Contact comfort plays basic role in attachment between human infants and their carer.

Infant Attachment Studies The ‘Strange Situation’ This is a research tool to investigate infant attachment. Watch the video clip and answer the following questions. 1.Why is this test set-up? 2. Describes the baby’s response when the mother a)Leaves the room (first separation) b)Enters the room 3. Describes the baby’s response when the mother leaves the room for the second time 4.What are the signs of secure attachment? 5. What are the signs of insecure attachment 6. How are children who are considered to be more securely attached more likely to behave in their first year.

Infant Attachment At first attachment is indiscriminate on the baby’s part. Specific attachment to the mother becomes evident between 6 and 9 months.

Infant Attachment Early infant attachment is important in laying the foundation for the future formation of stable relationships. Infants that form secure attachments are more likely to investigate their immediate environment helping develop cognitive abilities (Cognitive abilities are the brain-based skills we need to carry out any task from the simplest to the most complex.)

Socialisation and Learning Socialisation is the gradual modification of developing individual’s behaviour in order to accommodate the demands of an active social life within the community. Young humans are dependant on adults for a long period of development during childhood and adolescence. This provides time for socialisation and learning.

Methods Control The quality of a developing child’s social competence is affected by the method of control adopted by their parents. Authoritative control generally results in greater social competence than permissive control

Methods Control Examples of Control Method Of ControlBehaviour Adopted By Parent Authoritative Is warm, nurturing and emotionally supportive towards the child (demanding but responsive) Sets limits, rules, high standards and explains reasons Gives direction and expects responsible behaviour in return. Reasons with the child and demonstrates respect Permissive Is warm and nurturing (excessively lenient)Does not set limits, lay down rules or assign responsibilities Adopts ‘no discipline’ approach Allows the child to regulate their own behaviour

Parental Control As children develop, different methods of control can influence social competence. Children with authoritative parents are more likely to develop into self-reliant, academically successful and socially accepted adults.

Questions 1. What is infant attachment? 2. What is the importance of early infant attachment? 3. Humans have a long period of dependency on adults. What does this provide? 4. What affects the quality of a developing child’s social competence? 5. Describe authoritative control. 6. Describe permissive control. 7. Which type of control generally results in greater social competence?

Answers 1.What is infant attachment? The emotional tie between a baby and its carer (mother) 2. What is the importance of early infant attachment? It lays the foundation for the future formation of stable relationships. 3. Humans have a long period of dependency on adults. What does this provide? This provides time for socialisation and learning.

Answers (continued) 4. What affects the quality of a developing child’s social competence? the method of control adopted by their parents. 5. Describe authoritative control. Is warm, nurturing and emotionally supportive towards the child Sets limits, rules, high standards and explains reasons Gives direction and expects responsible behaviour in return. Reasons with the child and demonstrates respect

Answers ( continued) 6. Describe permissive control. Is warm and nurturing Does not set limits, lay down rules or assign responsibilities Adopts ‘no discipline’ approach Allows the child to regulate their own behaviour 7. Which type of control generally results in greater social competence? authoritative

Learning Intentions I can state that non-verbal communication is important in the formation of relationships between individuals I can describe the importance of body language in signalling attitudes and emotions and as an aid to verbal communication I can state that verbal communication is used in the transmission of knowledge, development of culture and social evolution

The Effect Of Communication Communication is the exchange of information from one individual to another. Communication can be non-verbal and verbal.

Non-Verbal Communication Non-verbal communication is sending and receiving wordless messages. Facial expressions can convey messages. kZWjqTA&list=PL0ACE1BF0A435FAEAhttp:// kZWjqTA&list=PL0ACE1BF0A435FAEA As you watch the video clip note the type of feelings facial expressions convey.

Non-Verbal Communication Look at these pictures and try describe the emotion or message they are communicating

Non-Verbal Communication There are six main types of facial expressions

Non-Verbal Communication Eye Contact is another method of non verbal communication. Try to describe the message being communicated.

Non-Verbal Communication

Non verbal communication can be measured by observing facial expression, eye contact, touching, tone of voice and physical proximity. Non verbal communication is important in forming relationships between individuals and can signal attitudes and emotions as well as acting as an aid to verbal communication.

Verbal Communication Language is a system that combines basic sounds and symbols. Short term- language allows humans to convey information for day to day living. Long term –language allows transfer of information from one generation to the next. This promotes acceleration of learning and intellectual development.

Verbal Communication Verbal communication is used in the transmission of knowledge, development of culture and social evolution.

Questions 1.What is communication? 2. What is non-verbal communication. 3. Describe how non verbal communication can be measured. 4. Why is non verbal communication important. 5. What can non verbal communication signal? 6. What does language combine? 7.What does short term- language allow? 8.What does long term- language allow? 9. What does verbal communication promote? 10. State 3 things that verbal communication is used in.

Answers 1.What is communication? Communication is the exchange of information from one individual to another. 2. What is non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is sending and receiving wordless messages. 3. Describe how non verbal communication can be measured. Observing facial expression, eye contact, touching, tone of voice and physical proximity. 4. Why is non verbal communication important. In forming relationships between individuals. 5. What can non verbal communication signal? Attitudes and emotions

Answers (continued) 6. What does language combine? basic sounds and symbols. 7.What does short term- language allow? allows humans to convey information for day to day living. 8.What does long term- language allow? allows transfer of information from one generation to the next. 9. What does verbal communication promote? acceleration of learning and intellectual development. 10. State 3 things that verbal communication is used in The transmission of knowledge. The development of culture The development of social evolution..

Learning Intentions I can define learning as a change in behaviour as a result of experience I can state that repetition of a motor skill results in a motor pathway being established I can state that human behaviour can be learned by observation and imitation I can define reinforcement as the process that makes an organism tend to repeat a certain piece of behaviour I can define shaping as the reinforcement of approximations of a desired response in order to achieve a particular behaviour I can describe extinction as the loss of a behaviour as a consequence of no reinforcement I can define social facilitation as an increase in performance in competitive/audience situations I can define de-individuation as the loss of personal identity in a group leading to diminished restraints on behaviour I can define internalisation as a change of beliefs as a result of persuasion I can define identification as a change of beliefs to be like an admired influencing source e.g. hero

The Effect Of Experience Learning is a change in behaviour as a result of experience Suggested Activity: To investigate learning using a finger maze

Effect Of Practice On Motor Skills A motor skill is a function, which involves the precise movement of muscles in order to perform a specific act. The repeated use of a motor skill results in a motor pathway in the nervous system being established Repetition of the skill is thought to increase synaptic connections between neurons. This leads to formation of a ‘motor memory’ Practice improves performance as neural pathways are established

Imitation Suggested activity: To investigate the speed of performance of a task by following instructions and by imitation. Human behaviour maybe learned by observation and imitation. When faced with a new task e.g. learning how to use a smart phone it is much easier and takes less time to learn by watching and imitating an expert than reading a manual. Imitation is effective method of learning if the expert allows the learner to repeat task. Copying a demonstration is the preferred method of learning a new skill. Most people learn a new task more quickly by imitating an expert than following instructions

Trial and Error Learning Trial and Error Learning is the process of finding a solution to a problem by trying many possible solutions and learning from mistakes until a way is found.

Trial and Error Learning in Rats Watch the video clip of research carried out at Yale University (1948) and answer the following questions: 1.What is difference in the rats? 2.Which rat is more active and why? 3.What is the motivation to learn? 4. Why does the rate of learning increase? 5. What are the ‘crucial factors’ in learning

Reinforcement Animals are motivated to learn by factors such as hunger and thirst. The hungry rat’s behaviour was rewarded by food – positive consequence. The behaviour is repeated and as result becomes reinforced. Reinforcement is the process that makes an organism tend to repeat a certain piece of behaviour. The reinforcer increases the probability of response being repeated.

Shaping Shaping is the process by which a desired pattern of behaviour is eventually obtained from the learner by the trainer reinforcing successive approximations of the desired response. Example - The proper use of a fork and knife by a child has almost no probability of occurring of its own accord. By using shaping, the parents direct the child’s behaviour along a desired route by praising (reinforcing) those responses that are approximations of the required response. Reinforcement of responses that are successively more and more similar to final desired response results in the child learning the new skill e.g. toilet training, learning to dress, tying shoe laces.

Extinction of Behaviour Extinction is the name given to the eventual disappearance of a behaviour pattern when it is no longer reinforced. Consider the rat that learned that pressing the lever gives it food every time. How would it’s behaviour change if pressing the lever failed to give it food? Eventually the rat does not press the lever at all and the learned behaviour pattern becomes extinct.

Learning Case study: Find out about studies of rewarded and unrewarded behaviour and shaping in learning. Reinforcement, shaping and extinction of behaviour are part of trial and error learning. Reinforcement is when behaviour patterns that have a positive consequence for the individual are likely to repeated. Shaping is rewarding of behaviour that approximates to the desired behaviour. Extinction happens when behaviour patterns are not rewarded and so are likely to disappear.

Generalisation and Discrimination Generalisation is the ability to respond in the same way to many different but related stimuli.

Generalisation Experiment (John Watson’s Baby Albert Experiment StimulusResponse by child White ratReaches out to rat showing no fear White rat and loud noise every time child reaches out to touch rat Refuses to reach out and shows fear of white rats. White furry objects e.g. teddy bear, Refuses to reach out to touch any furry object The baby developed an aversion to white rats and a fear of many furry objects. The spread of response to different but related stimuli is an example of generalisation. What conclusions can be drawn from the above results?

Discrimination Discrimination is the ability to distinguish between related stimuli and give different responses. Discrimination is taught by reinforcing the desired response. Example; Mother responding to a baby with hugs and kisses when addressed as mama but the father not responding in the same way when addressed as mama. The baby is soon able to tell the difference between similar stimuli but give a different response. The baby has learned to discriminate.

Discrimination Learning to discriminate is an essential part of a child’s preparation for coping with everyday life. Generalisation and Discrimination Generalisation and Discrimination may result in for example a child who has been bitten by dog to fear all dogs ( generalisation ) or only to fear large dogs (discrimination).

Questions 1 1. What is learning? 2. Give the definition of a motor skill. 3. Describe how to improve the repeated use of a motor skill. 4. Describe what is established with the repeated use of a motor skill. 5. Give the meaning of imitation. 6. Give the meaning of trial and error learning. 7. How can human behaviour be learned. 8 What is the meaning of reinforcement

Answers 1 1.What is learning? Learning is a change in behaviour as a result of experience 2. Give the definition of a motor skill. It is a function, which involves the precise movement of muscles in order to perform a specific act. 3. Describe how to improve the use of a motor skill. Practice 4. Describe what is established with the repeated use of a motor skill. A motor pathway in the nervous system

Answers 1 (continued) 5. Give the meaning of imitation. Observation and copying 6. Give the meaning of trial and error learning. It is the process of finding a solution to a problem by trying many possible solutions and learning from mistakes until a way is found. 7. What is the meaning of reinforcement Reinforcement is the process that makes an organism tend to repeat a certain piece of behaviour.

Questions 2 8. Give the meaning of shaping. 9. What is the meaning of extinction of behaviour. 10. What type of learning is reinforcement, shaping and extinction of behaviour part of? 11. Give the meaning of generalisation. 12. Describe the effects of generalisation on behaviour. 13. Give the meaning of discrimination. 14. Give an example of the effects of discrimination on behaviour.

Answers 2 8. Give the meaning of shaping. Shaping is the process by which a desired pattern of behaviour is eventually obtained from the learner by the trainer reinforcing successive approximations of the desired response. 9. What is the meaning of extinction of behaviour. Extinction is the name given to the eventual disappearance of a behaviour pattern when it is no longer reinforced. 10. What type of learning is reinforcement, shaping and extinction of behaviour part of? trial and error learning

Answers 2 (continued) 11. Give the meaning of generalisation. Generalisation is the ability to respond in the same way to many different but related stimuli. 12.Describe the effects of generalisation on behaviour. The spread of response to different but related stimuli e.g. fear of white furry rats will spread to white fluffy toys 13. Give the meaning of discrimination. Discrimination is the ability to distinguish between related stimuli and give different responses.

Answers 2 (continued) 14. Give an example of the effects of discrimination on behaviour. Mother responding to a baby with hugs and kisses when addressed as mama but the father not responding in the same way when addressed as mama The baby is soon able to tell the difference between similar stimuli but give a different response.

Learning Intentions I can explain the importance of early infant attachment in laying the foundation for stable relationships in the future. I can explain that infants may develop secure attachment or insecure attachment I can state that infants forming secure attachment are more likely to investigate their immediate environment helping the development of cognitive abilities I can state that infants forming insecure attachment are less likely to investigate their environment I can define consequences of insecure attachment as responses of detachment, anger and inconsistent responses towards mother/other adults I can state that humans have a long period of dependency providing time for socialisation and learning to occur I can explain authoritative control as setting limits, rules and high standards but explains reasons for having them I can explain permissive control as not setting limits or boundaries and allows the child to regulate their own behaviour I can state that authoritative control generally results in greater social competence than permissive control I can state that non-verbal communication is important in the formation of relationships between individuals I can describe the importance of body language in signalling attitudes and emotions and as an aid to verbal communication I can state that verbal communication is used in the transmission of knowledge, development of culture and social evolution I can define learning as a change in behaviour as a result of experience I can state that repetition of a motor skill results in a motor pathway being established I can state that human behaviour can be learned by observation and imitation I can define reinforcement as the process that makes an organism tend to repeat a certain piece of behaviour I can define shaping as the reinforcement of approximations of a desired response in order to achieve a particular behaviour I can describe extinction as the loss of a behaviour as a consequence of no reinforcement I can define social facilitation as an increase in performance in competitive/audience situations I can define de-individuation as the loss of personal identity in a group leading to diminished restraints on behaviour I can define internalisation as a change of beliefs as a result of persuasion I can define identification as a change of beliefs to be like an admired influencing source e.g. hero

Social Facilitation Watch the clip and comment on how player 1’s performance changes when player 2 is introduced. The presence of others improves performance ( especially in a competitive situation) is called social facilitation.

De-individuation Once under group pressure, individuals think and act differently from the way that they would if they were on their own. Decisions and behaviour now depend less on the members ’individual personalities and more on the collective influence of the group. The loss by an individual of personal identity when in a group is called de-individuation

De-individuation De-individuated people feel indistinguishable from others in the group and are more likely to act mindlessly and do things that they would never consider doing on their own. De-individuation is often used to explain the anti- social behaviour of some groups which would not be shown by individuals from these groups on their own.

De-individuation Loss of personal identity in a group leading to diminished restraints of behaviour.

Internalisation Internalisation is the changing of beliefs as a result of persuasion. Media, advertising, governments attempt to persuade people to change their current beliefs and adopt a different set of beliefs. They attempt to persuade us to internalise their beliefs.

Identification Identification is the changing of beliefs to be like an admired influencing source. Identification can result in a person changing their beliefs to be deliberately like another admired person. Discuss how advertising uses internalisation and identification to influence us.

Questions 1. What is the meaning of social facilitation? 2. What can social facilitation lead to? 3. Give the meaning of de-individuation. 4. Describe 2 different effects of de-individuation. 5. Give the meaning of Internalisation 6. Describe the effects of internalisation. 8. Give the meaning of Identification. 9. Describe the effect of Identification.

Answers 1.What is the meaning of social facilitation? The presence of others will improve performance 2. What can social facilitation lead to? increased performance in competitive situations. 3. Give the meaning of de-individuation. The loss by an individual of personal identity when in a group 4.Describe 2 different effects of de-individuation. leads to loss of personal identity. leads to diminished restraints on behaviour.

Answers(continued) 5.Give the meaning of Internalisation The changing of beliefs as a result of persuasion. 6. Describe the effects of internalisation. Media, advertising, governments attempt to persuade people to change their current beliefs and adopt a different set of beliefs. 8. Give the meaning of Identification. Identification is the changing of beliefs to be like an admired influencing source. 9. Describe the effect of Identification. This is used by advertisers to persuade someone to be like their hero