Table of Contents Chapter 7 Human Memory

Table of Contents Figure 7.1 – Nickerson & Adams (1979) – Which is the correct penny?

Table of Contents Human Memory: Basic Questions How does information get into memory? How is information maintained in memory? How is information pulled back out of memory? Memory timeline –Short term – recent? –Long term – remote? –Operational definitions

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Encoding: Getting Information Into Memory The role of attention Focusing awareness Selective attention = selection of input –Filtering: early or late? Multitasking – issues of driving performance and cell phone use – study by Strayer and Johnson (2001)

Table of Contents You pay attention. “Selective attention” If you don’t pay attention, your sensory memory will hear blah, blah. You have to pay attention to get info into your working memory Encoding is effective when…

Table of Contents Figure 7.4 Divided attention and driving performance – Strayer & Johnson (2001)

Table of Contents Levels of Processing: Craik and Lockhart (1972) Incoming information processed at different levels Deeper processing = longer lasting memory codes Encoding levels: –Structural = shallow –Phonemic = intermediate –Semantic = deep

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Figure 7.6 – Retention at three levels of processing – Craik & Tulving (1975)

Table of Contents Enriching Encoding: Improving Memory Elaboration = linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding –Thinking of examples Visual Imagery = creation of visual images to represent words to be remembered –Easier for concrete objects –Self-Referent Encoding –Making information personally meaningful Figure 7.7

Table of Contents We remember what we are interested in… Can you remember my phone number?

Table of Contents Storage: Maintaining Information in Memory Analogy: information storage in computers ~ information storage in human memory Information-processing theories – Atkinson & Shiffrin (1977) –Subdivide memory into 3 different stores Sensory, Short-term, Long-term xx 7.8

Table of Contents Sensory Memory Brief preservation of information in original sensory form Auditory/Visual – approximately ¼ second –George Sperling (1960) Classic experiment on visual sensory store Partial report procedure

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Table of Contents Short Term Memory (STM) Limited capacity – magical number 7 plus or minus 2 –Chunking – grouping familiar stimuli for storage as a single unit Limited duration – about 20 seconds without rehearsal –Peterson and Peterson (1959) –Rehearsal – the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information

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