Background of Byzantine Empire German invaders pounded the Roman empire in the west, emperors shifted their base to the East. The Emperor Constantine rebuilt the Greek city of Byzantium and gave it the name Constantinople. In 330 Constantine made Constantinople the new capital of the Eastern Roman Empire In time, the Eastern Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire.

Western (Green) & Eastern (Pink)

Constantinople Capital City of New Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) Linked trade routes of Europe and Asia Busiest marketplace. Blended Greek, Roman, and Christian influences. Lasted 1000 years after fall of Western Roman Empire.

Spread of Christianity By 300AD, Christians formed religious communities called monasteries. Monks – men devoted to the Church. Nuns – women devoted to the Church. Monasteries and Convents helped the poor, ran hospitals, and schools. missionaries – people sent to convert people to Christianity.

The Age of Justinian Ruler of Byzantine Empire Conquered N. Africa, Italy and S. Spain – lands conquered were temporary Built a large elaborate church called Hagia Sophia (“Holy Wisdom”) – influential architecture.

Hagia Sophia (In Constantinople)

Disagreement in the Christian Church Eastern Empire – rejected pope, clergy could marry, Greek was major language, Easter was holy day. Western Empire – pope had authority, clergy could not marry, Latin was major language, Christmas was holy day.

Schism There were many reasons for the schism. Sheer geographical differences, Greek language vs. Latin, Nicene Creed semantics, church leadership (pope vs. patriarch of Constantinople), icons This creates a Schism – split, between the East and West. Created two major Christian churches –Roman Catholic (west) –Eastern Orthodox (east)

Crisis and Collapse For the next thousand years the Turks (Islam), began to take over parts of the Byzantine Empire. Crusades failed to stop the takeover by Islam. Constantinople falls –1453 Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople. –The ancient Christian city was renamed Istanbul and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire (Muslim)

The Byzantine Heritage The Arts –Influenced Western Europe in Religious Art and Architecture. –Icons and Mosaics The World of Learning –Preserved classic works of Ancient Greece –Preserved Greek and Roman Culture and took findings to Universities. –Contributed to Renaissance

The Rise of Russia Describe how the geography of Russia helped the growth of Kiev. Explain how the Mongol’s conquest affected Russia. Describe how Moscow emerged as the chief power in Russia.

Geography of Russia Large plains Three broad zones –Northern forests –Fertile south land –Southern steppe Steppe – open, treeless grassland Network of rivers provided easy transportation

Growth of Kiev During Roman Times, the Slavs expanded into Southern Russia. They organized into clans with a simple political system. Vikings began trading with Slavs in Russia. City of Kiev. In time Kiev would become the center of the first Russian Government.

Byzantine Influences Byzantine Christianity, art, music, and architecture spread throughout Russia Byzantine Christians sent missionaries to convert Russian Slavs. Vladimir was Russian prince of Kiev that converted Russians to Eastern Orthodox Church. (Christians)

Yaroslav the wise and the decline of Kiev Yaroslav ruled Russia during its golden age from Created Kiev’s first law code and library Kiev declined in 1100 as rival families battled for the throne. As Russian princes fought among themselves, Mongol armies from central Asia struck the final blow.

Yaroslav

The Mongols The Mongols defeated most of Russia by They killed thousands and sought to tax the people they conquered, rather than impose their culture. Slavs could still practice Christianity, but had to serve the Mongol ruler and in the Mongol army. The main reason the Mongols conquered so much territory is because of one man….Genghis Kahn.

Genghis Khan In the early 1200s, a young leader united the nomadic Mongols of Central Asia. As his mounted bowmen overran lands from China to Eastern Europe, he took the title Genghis Khan or “World Emperor” Between 1236 and 1241, Batu, the grandson of Genghis, led Mongol armies into Russia known as the Golden Horde.

The Golden Horde Mongol Armies were called the Golden Horde for the color of their tents. Genghis Kahn founded the Mongol Empire across much of Asia and Europe Created the largest land empire. They looted and burned Kiev and other Russian towns. Although Mongols were fierce fighters they were tolerant rulers as long as taxes were paid

Growth of Russia,

Genghis Kahn

Mongol Influences Even though the Mongols were Islam they tolerated the Orthodox Church which grew strong during this period. Mongols looked down upon women. Husbands could sell their wives. The absolute power of Mongols served as a model for later Russian rulers. Mongol rule cut Russia off from W. Europe, which made many advances in arts and sciences.

Moscow becomes Capital After the fall of Kiev, the city life began to decline in the south. Moscow became the capital of Russia after the fall of Kiev. Became the political and spiritual center of Russia Eventually Princes of Moscow rallied other leaders to defeat the Golden Horde at the battle of Kulikovo (1380) – Slavs steadily began to drive out Mongols. Finally during the reign of Ivan III the Mongol rule had come to an end.

Ivan the Great (III) Much of the success of Moscow is b/c of Ivan III. He brought many Slavic provinces under his control by driving away the Mongols Absolute rule - limited power of boyars – landowning nobles. 1 st national leader of a united Russia He built the Kremlin. He married princess Sophia, (Byzantine princess) Ivan the Great helped to blend Byzantine and Russian Culture

Ivan the Great

Ivan the Great Square In Moscow

Tsar, or Czar is the Russian word for Caesar

Ivan the Terrible (IV) Came to the throne at age 3 Perhaps boyars poisoned his mother? At age 8 Created the class of serfs (little more than slaves) Passed laws tying peasants to the land Russian established feudalism as it is disappearing in the world Established/cemented the Russian Orthodox Church Became demented after the death of his wife

Ivan the Terrible (IV) Grandson of Ivan III. Called 1 st Czar (Caesar). Known for cruelty toward animals and humans became unstable – fits of violence. Created oprichniki – agents who enforced czar’s will. – dressed in black they killed nobles and sacked towns where people were disloyal to Ivan IV After his death in 1584, Russia was full of rebellion and chaos

Ivan the Terrible

Ivan the IV & The Time of Trouble Has entire cities destroyed and all inhabitants killed He did this because he became very paranoid and claimed mass treason. Mass executions In a fit of rage he killed his oldest son This depopulated much of central Russia This mass hysteria and atmosphere of death and destruction is called the Time of Trouble