CHAPTER 2 Colonization and Conflicts 1550–1680

1608—Samuel de Champlain founded Québec French empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi French crown made little effort to foster settlement Fur trade underpinned economy Indians became valued trading partners

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Lutheran Reformation God speaks through Bible, not through Pope or priests Justification by faith alone for salvation Calvinist Reformation John Calvin stressed God’s omnipotence Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation

Calvinist Christianity expanded in northern Europe France—Huguenots Scotland—Presbyterians England—Puritans

Protestant Reformation played a major role in England’s rise to dominance 1517—Martin Luther sparked reform in Germany 1536—John Calvin’s Institutes published in Geneva Reformation pitted European Protestants against Catholics

Tudor monarchs brought political unity, first by Henry VII Reformation under Henry Vlll (r. 1509–1547) strengthened Crown Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI (r. 1547–1553) Death of Mary I (r. 1553–1558) cut short English Catholic Counter-Reformation

Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603) was a very capable monarch Elizabeth introduced Via Media Protestant doctrine “Catholic” ritual Ended religious turmoil in England Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompted Spanish crusade against England England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers

Spanish hostility made Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure made them English heroes Elizabeth’s subjects raided Spain’s American empire 1588—Spanish Armada defeated

Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 He named the region Virginia after the Virgin Queen The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery

By 1600, no English settlements in New World Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American colonization The Principal Navigations, Voyages, and Discoveries of the English Nation (1589) Claimed that England needed American colonies for prosperity and independence Recorded details of sailors’ adventures Did not acknowledge the negative side of colonization; the plight of the natives and slaves

Rapid social change in seventeenth-century England English population mobile Different motives for immigration Religious versus economic Personal: to escape bad marriages, jail terms, or lifelong poverty

Joint-stock companies provided financing English stockholders in Virginia Company expected instant profits Jamestown settled in 1607 Colony’s location in a swamp unhealthy Competition from expansive Powhattan Colonists did not work for common good

1608–1609—John Smith imposed order 1609—London Company reorganized colonial government 1610— “Starving Time” ended by arrival of Lord De La Warr, fresh settlers, and martial law Conflict with Powhattan Contributed to “starving time” 1622—natives attempted to drive out English 1644—second attempt to drive out English; Powhattan empire destroyed

1610—John Rolfe introduced tobacco 1618—Reforms of Edwin Sandys House of Burgesses instituted for Virginia self- government Headright: 50-acre lot granted to each colonist who paid his own transportation, or for each servant brought into the colony Allowed development of huge estates

Population increase prevented by imbalanced sex ratio 3,570 colonists to Virginia, 1619–1622 Men outnumbered women 6:1 after 1619 Contagious disease killed settlers 1618: Virginia population numbered –1622: 3,000 immigrated 1622: Virginia population numbered 1,240 Indentured servants denied promised land 1622—Powhattan attack killed 347 settlers

Problems of colony blamed on greed and mismanagement of London Company 1624—King James I dissolved London Company Virginia became a royal colony House of Burgesses continued to meet Burgesses created County Courts

Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) as refuge for English Catholics 1632—Calvert’s son Cecilius (second Lord Baltimore) gained charter to Maryland Required toleration among Catholics and Protestants

Wealthy Catholics unwilling to relocate in America Common settlers demanded greater voice in Maryland government Protestants refused to tolerate Catholics and seized control in 1655 Scattered riverfront settlements of poor tobacco planters

Pilgrims Separatists who refused to worship in the Church of England Fled to Holland to escape persecution Worried that children were becoming too Dutch 1620—Plymouth founded Mayflower Compact William Bradford and Squanto ensured colony survived 1691—absorbed into Massachusetts Bay

Puritans Worked within the Church of England to eliminate remaining vestiges of Catholicism Puritans saw Stuarts as unconcerned with needed church reforms 1630—John Winthrop led Puritan group to Massachusetts with charter giving them power to make decisions without direction from England

1630–1640—16,000 immigrated Settlers usually came as family units Puritans’ view of their colony: Success as part of covenant with God A “beacon of righteousness” to the world Church attendance required, but membership not automatic

Public confession and execution of criminals Government by elected representatives responsible to God All adult male church members could vote Ministers had no formal role and were prohibited from holding office Town was center of Puritan life

Extreme separatism Questioned validity of colony’s charter Advocated toleration of religious beliefs Expelled to Rhode Island in 1636

Claimed direct divine inspiration by the Holy Spirit Suggested most Puritan ministers were no better than those of Church of England Her views called the established church into question Her actions challenged accepted behavior of women in this time Banished to Rhode Island in 1637

New Hampshire—1677 Made a separate colony from Massachusetts Bay Connecticut—1636 First settlements led by Thomas Hooker 1662—king granted a charter New Haven—absorbed into Connecticut Rhode Island—1636 Under Roger Williams, it accepted dissenters from Massachusetts Toleration, but much infighting 1663—king granted a charter

English colonies experienced unrest at the end of the seventeenth century Unrest not social revolution but a contest between gentry “ins” and “outs” Winners gained legitimacy for their rule © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Discontent with Governor Berkeley’s rule Green Spring faction controlled lucrative economic activity Frontier population felt that Berkeley did not protect them from Native Americans Nathaniel Bacon united this discontent into rebellion in 1676 Rebellion allowed small farmers, blacks, and women to join, demand reforms © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Rebels burned capital, caused great disorder Governor William Berkeley regained control, but was recalled to England Rebellion collapsed after Bacon’s death Gentry recovered positions and united over next decades to oppose royal governors © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

1675—Metacomet led Wampanoag-Narragansett alliance against colonists Colonists struggled to unite and to defeat Native Americans Deaths totaled 1,000+ Native Americans and colonists © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.