Chapter Eighteen Social Influence
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.18 | 2 Question According to Zajonc, the presence of others would enhance the performance of which of the following individuals? a)Joe, an expert juggler, who has been juggling for ten years b)Cassie, a third-grader, who has been playing the piano for ten days c)Jeremy, an expert golfer, who has been playing tennis for about three months d)Tracy, a dental hygienist, who is working on her first patient today
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.18 | 3 Answer Choice a is correct. Zajonc suggested that the presence of other people increases a person’s general level of arousal. This increased arousal enhances the performance of dominant responses, behaviors that one knows best. The increased arousal, however, impairs the performance of novel responses, behaviors with which one is relatively unfamiliar. In this example, only Joe has any level of experience that would lead to his behavior being a dominant response and, consequently, the performance of the behavior being enhanced by the presence of others. (Chapter 18, Linkages: Motivation and the Presence of Others section)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.18 | 4 Question What percentage of the time do you think individuals would go along with an obviously incorrect response in the context of Solomon Asch’s study of conformity? a)Less than 10% of the time b)10-25% of the time c)25-50% of the time d)50-75% of the time e)75-100% of the time
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.18 | 5 Answer Polling question
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.18 | 6 Question What percentage of the participants in Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiment would you predict would obey the instructions of the experimenter all the way to the end, at which point they would be delivering 450 volts of shock to the “learner” in the study? a)less than 10% b)10-25% c)25-50% d)50-75% e)more than 75%
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.18 | 7 Answer Polling question
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.18 | 8 Question Stanley Milgram’s study with the “learner” and the “teacher” was actually about ____________. a)memory b)discrimination c)obedience d)learning
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.18 | 9 Answer Choice c is correct. Milgram’s famous study involving the “learner,” “teacher,” and the shock generator was about obedience. Milgram used significant amounts of deception in order to study this phenomenon. (Chapter 18, Obedience section)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.18 | 10 Question Increased levels of aggression have been linked to ____________. a)eating too much cabbage b)testosterone c)prenatal exposure to teratogens d)high levels of GABA
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.18 | 11 Answer Choice b is correct. Experiments have shown that aggressive behavior changes as a function of the amount of testosterone in one’s system, with higher levels of testosterone linked with higher levels of aggressive behavior. Testosterone is a masculine hormone that is present in both sexes. (Chapter 18, Why Are People Aggressive? section)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.18 | 12 Question Albert Bandura’s “Bobo” doll experiments highlight the role of ____________ in the development of aggressive behavior. a)testosterone b)clowns c)genetic factors d)observational learning
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.18 | 13 Answer Choice d is correct. Bandura’s “Bobo” doll experiments showed how children, in particular, learn and perform many of the aggressive responses that they see modeled by others. In this way, aggressive behavior develops via imitation of the behavior of aggressive models. (Chapter 18, Why Are People Aggressive? section)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.18 | 14 Question The bystander effect is the term used to describe which of the following? a)The tendency of participants in Milgram’s study to shock the “learner” b)The lack of assistance given to Kitty Genovese during her 30-minute struggle with an attacker c)The tendency of participants in Sherif’s study to believe that a stationary dot on the wall of a completely darkened room was actually moving d)The fact that participants in Asch’s study of conformity tended to go along with obviously incorrect responses given by others in the study
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.18 | 15 Answer Choice b is correct. The bystander effect is used to describe the lack of assistance given to Kitty Genovese during her 30-minute struggle with an attacker, an attack that eventually led to her death. The bystander effect is a phenomenon in which the chances that someone will help in an emergency situation decreases as the number of people present increases. (Chapter 18, Why Do People Help? section)