+ Aim: How did discoveries in Science lead to new ways of thinking for Europeans? Do Now: Team Building Exercise Paper Towers Unit Essential Question: How did Enlightenment thinkers inspire revolutionaries to push for radical changes in government and society?

+ Understanding a “Paradigm Shift” What is this? What else is this? What had to happen to shift your perspective? “I see a bird.” “I see a rabbit!”

+ Paradigm Shift “Paradigm” = Greek word for pattern “Normal Science” = the standard paradigm “Anomalies” = things that cannot be explained by normal science “Paradigm Shift” = a new paradigm is created to account for anomalies from The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) by Thomas Kuhn Kuhn is an Ohio boy! (He’s from Cincinnati)

+ The Joke About The Three Monks Why are we, human beings, sometimes so threatened by paradigm shifts?

+ The Original Paradigm was Developed by the Greeks.

+ The Knowledge of the Greeks Ptolemy AD Astronomer in Alexandria, Egypt

+ Nicolaus Copernicus Poland. Priest, mathematician & astronomer. Heliocentric model. On The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543)

+ Tycho Brahe Denmark (then Sweden). Mapped the stars. Documented a new star or “nova.” Observatory at Uraniborg.

+ Johannes Kepler German (But spent much time in Prague, Austria & Uraniborg as Brahe’s understudy). Developed laws of planetary motion. Astronomia Nova, 1609

+ Galileo Galilei Italian. Scientist.

+ Hypothesis Test InvalidateValidate Retest & Debate Conclusion The Scientific Method

+ René Descartes French. Philosopher & Mathematician

+ Francis Bacon English. Philosopher, writer, statesman. The New Atlantis (1627) What does the illustration reflect about Bacon’s vision of science and humanity?

+ Isaac Newton English. Reflecting Telescope Theory of Light & Color Calculus (Disputed with Leibnitz) Three Laws of Motion Gravity

+ Eventually SOMEBODY will discover anomalies in the Newtonian model of the universe, as well. Another paradigm shift will occur.

+ Aim: What effects did Enlightenment philosophers have on government & society? Do Now: How did science lead to the Enlightenment?

+ Philosophy in the Age of Reason Scientific Revolution transformed the way people in Europe looked at the world. Natural laws – laws that govern human nature Locke v Hobbes – Social contract – an agreement by which they gave up the state of nature for an organized society Natural rights – rights that belonged to all humans from birth.

+ Philosophes – lovers of wisdom Voltaire – defends freedom of thought Diderot – Encyclopedia Rousseau – people are naturally good The Social Contract Wollstonecraft – women were being excluded

+ Physiocrats – thinkers who focused on economic reforms Laissez Faire – allowing a business to operate with little or no government interference Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations Increasing influence towards Industrial Revolution

+ AIM: As Enlightenment ideas spread across Europe, what cultural and political changes took place? Do Now: What were some of the major ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers?

+ Enlightened Despots Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change Frederick the Great Catherine the Great Joseph II Against Enlightenment – censorship (restricting access to ideas and information) Pro Enlightenment – salons (informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes and others exchanged ideas)

+ The Arts and Literature 1600 & 1700s the Arts evolved to meet changing tastes Courtly art – baroque: grand complex style to rococo: personal, elegant and charming Middle-class audiences Trends in music: ballets and operas (Bach, Handel, Mozart) The Novel: long works of prose fiction

+ Class work 1. Work in groups of three to complete Enlightened Despot Chart 2. Share Out 3. Individually write a plan of action.

+ *Exception Most Europeans were untouched by either courtly or middle-class culture. REMAINED peasants until late 1700s….

+ Let’s Summarize… Questions/comments/concerns?