Environmental Science Catalyst 4/14/14  Go to class website: and scroll down to Catalysts. Complete the questions and press submit. Question: 1. How do minerals form? Place any class cash or unused emergency passes in the bin. Today is the LAST DAY I will accept these.

 Catalyst  Announcements  Minerals and Rocks Quiz on Wednesday, April 16  Chapter 13 Packet DUE Thursday, April 17.  Period 10: Call to Action Project Details uploaded online.  Looking at Minerals and Rocks  Rocks and the Rock Cycle Discussion  Rocks Online Activity  Classwork Time  Exit Slip  Reminders Environmental Science Agenda 4/14/14

Mining for... Cell Phones?  Large reserves of the metal tantalum are found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in Africa.  Tantalum jumped in value in the 1990s as high-tech devices that need tantalum, such as cell phones, became common.  There is international concern regarding the role tantalum mining has played in the extended conflict in the Congo. Talk About It Is it important to think about the sources of the minerals we use?

Objective(s) We will be able to 1. Explain what a mineral is. 

 Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks Over 4000 minerals have been identified, but only 1% of these are common in Earth’s crust. Amethyst

What Are Minerals? 1. Occur in nature 2. Chemically inorganic (most of the time) 3. Solids 4. Have orderly crystalline structures*** 5. Have definite chemical compositions (some made by one element, some are combination of compounds) Pyrite (Fool’s Gold)

***What are Crystals?  Crystals are solid, geometric forms of minerals produced by a repeating pattern of atoms.

How Important Is Crystalline Structure?  Well, take a look at the following: - This is graphite- This is a diamond (pencil lead)

How Important is Crystalline Structure?  They are both made from the element carbon!  The only difference is the pattern the atoms are in crystalline structure

Properties of Minerals PropertyDescription Color A few minerals can be identified by their color. But color varies in most minerals depending on how they form. Streak The streak of a mineral is the color of its powder. Although mineral color may vary, streak color does not. Luster How light is reflected off a mineral’s surface is called luster. It may be described as glassy, earthy, silky, metallic, etc. Crystal A mineral can be identified by the particular arrangement of its atoms. Hardness Mohs scale ranks mineral hardness 1–10. 1 = talc, which can be scratched by a fingernail. 10 = diamond, which can scratch all known common minerals. Cleavage A mineral that splits easily along a flat surface and forms a new “face” is said to have cleavage. Fracture Minerals that break irregularly, rather than leaving a flat surface, have fracture, not cleavage. DensityEach mineral has a characteristic density—mass per unit volume.

Uses for minerals See pictures by viewing this at See pictures by viewing this at

Call to Action  In small groups of your choosing, choose a community/environmental problem that you would like to tackle.  What specific steps can you do to help solve this problem?

Objective(s) We will be able to 1. Describe how minerals form. 

 How do minerals form?

How Diamonds Form  E E

Mineral Formation  Minerals can form in four ways:  Crystallization from magma or lava  Precipitation  Pressure and temperature  Production by organisms

Mineral Formation: Crystallization from Magma or Lava  Crystals form as magma (deep in Earth) or lava (on Earth’s surface) from deep inside the Earth cools.

Mineral Formation: Precipitation  During precipitation, liquid in a solution evaporates and leaves solids behind as crystals to form minerals.

Mineral Formation: Pressure and Temperature  High temperature and pressure, may cause atoms to be rearranged.

How Important is Crystalline Structure?  They are both made from the element carbon!  The only difference is the pattern the atoms are in crystalline structure  POLYMORPHS = same chemical make up, different arrangement of atoms

Mineral Formation: Produced by Organisms  Outer hard structures of some organisms can become part of a mineral when they die in rock and harden.

Mineral Formation Salt basins of the Sierra Nevada The Miwok people filled these basins with water from a salt spring and let it evaporate, to form salt for trading. Coral Mineral formed by living things

Mineral Formation  Minerals can form in four ways:  Crystallization from magma or lava  Precipitation  Pressure and temperature  Production by organisms

Where are minerals found?

During Classwork Time 1. Stay focused on the assignments you are given. 2. Do the questions INDEPENDENTLY (on your own). 3. Keep the noise level down. 4. Ask THREE before you ask ME. 5. You may put earphones on and listen to music quietly as you do your work. (Pick a playlist and stick with it!) 6. You must finish a certain number of questions (depends on the person) by the end of the period. TASK: 13.1 Questions

Mineral Classes  Minerals are classified based on their elements or compounds. Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks

Objective(s) We will be able to 1. Identify types of rocks and the stages of the rock cycle. 

Rocks  Naturally occurring solids made up of minerals and mineral- like materials

Types of Rocks  Igneous: Form when magma cools and solidifies; can be intrusive or extrusive  Sedimentary: Form when sediments cement together or when water evaporates and leaves behind minerals; can be clastic, chemical, or biochemical  Metamorphic: Form when heat or pressure changes the crystalline structure of existing rock Bryce Canyon National Park

Igneous  Formed when magma cools and hardens  Can cool inside the earth (intrusive) or on its surface from volcanoes (extrusive)

TYPO ALERT!!!  METAMORPHIC SHOULD BE SEDIMENTARY!!! (SWITCH THE LABELS)

Sedimentary  Formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments (together called sediment)  Builds up in layers and over time hardens into rock  Only type to contain fossils

Metamorphic  Formed under surface of the earth from intense heat and pressure  Some have layered or banded appearance while others do not

 ROCK CYCLE

The Rock Cycle  The rock cycle slowly changes rocks from one type to another through heating, melting, cooling, weathering, and erosion

ROCK CYCLE

Interactive Learning! FUN!!!  To access the link above, go to the class website. Navigate to ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE  Chapter 13: Mineral Resources and Mining. Scroll down to “Minerals and Rocks Resources.”  Go through tutorial and take notes in your notebook. Study this material by quizzing the person next to you.

Go on the class website. Click on Environmental Science  Minerals. Scroll down until you see Exit Slip. If you are talking or copying, you will not receive credit. Exit Slip Questions 1. Summarize the rock cycle. 2. Discuss the differences between the three main types of rocks.

Reminders DON’T FORGET YOUR PACKET STAMPS.  Minerals and Rocks Quiz on Wednesday, April 16  Chapter 13 Packet DUE Thursday, April 17.  Period 10: Call to Action Project Details uploaded online.