Exploring Mendelian Genetics Chapter 11-3

Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring is called: A. Heredity B. Genetics C. Genes D. Homozygous

The science that studies HOW those characteristics are passed down from one generation to the next is called: A. Heredity B. Genetics C. Genes D. Homozygous

Mendel theorized that there must be ___ “factors” that control each trait. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Different gene choices for a trait are called: A. Genes B. Homozygous C. Heterozygous D. Alleles

What is the term given when a trait is controlled by two contrasting alleles?

What is the term given when a trait is controlled by two identical alleles?

When a DOMINANT allele is paired with a recessive allele, the DOMINANT trait will mask the recessive trait. This is known as the Principal of _______________? A. Traits B. Segregation C. Dominance D. Alleles

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ____________________________ the ________________________. = ________________________ Genes ________ the ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also _______ on ______________conditions. “Nature vs Nurture” ENVIRONMENT influences expression of genes provide plan depends environmental

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have ____________ allele __________ = ____________________ EX: blood type Allele choices ___ ___ ___ MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT A BO MORE than 2 choices

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by ____________________________ = __________________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color POLYGENIC TRAIT MORE THAN ONE GENE

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Traits determined by ____________ _________ have _____ “___________” phenotypes There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________________ of intelligences in-between MORE than ONE gene many in-between whole range

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE ____________________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE CO-DOMINANCE

COMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ allele _______ the ___________ one PATTERN ? ____________ allele ________ in a _____ratio in the ____ generation Dominant masks recessive Recessive returns 3:1 F2F2

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ expected _____ ratio in F 2 generation _____________ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ in-between trait BLENDED DON’T SEE 3:1 Heterozygous

CO-DOMINANCE _______ traits are expressed at ___________ (_____________________) in heterozygote A ________HORSE has ______________ hair and __________ hair side by side BOTH SAME TIME ROAN BOTH RED WHITE NO BLENDING

CO-DOMINANCE Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB

Membrane proteins with _______ attached that help cells recognize self = ______________ GLYCOPROTEINS REMEMBER sugars

BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices = _________________________ The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes Allele choices are: _____________ ABO MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT

BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins on its surface

BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a different “B” glycoprotein on its surface

BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells the cell NOT to put anything on the surface

A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH “A” and “B” glycoproteins on its surface

BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) AA AO BB BO OO AB A A B B O

B and O see A as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! A and AB see A as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

A and O see B as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! B and AB see B as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE! ____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________ Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF” UNIVERSAL DONOR O DONOR BLOOD

A, B, and O see AB as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Only AB sees AB as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

______ can RECEIVE FROM EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ________________________ UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT ABAB AB can only GIVE to AB BUT...

BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA A42% B10% AB4% O44%

ABO SYSTEM is NOT THE ONLY ONE Rh + Rh -

MOM is _____ & BABY is ____ OTHER BLOOD TYPES ____________________ IF: MOM is _____ & BABY is _____ Rh + Rh - NO PROBLEMS

Can be a ___________ IF: Mom is _____ Baby is _____ 1 st baby OK but few baby cells entering mom’s bloodstream put mom’s immune system on alert for + cells. Next + baby, mom’s immune system can attack baby as it is growing Mom given shot after 1 st birth prevents this Rh+ PROBLEM Rh -

DIHYBRID CROSSES ( 2 traits)

Mendel also asked the question? Does the gene that determines if a seed is round or wrinkled have anything to do with the gene for seed shape? Must a seed that is yellow also be round?

MAKING A CROSS with ___________________= ____________________ A Punnett square for a DIHYBRID CROSS looks like this: DIHYBRID CROSS TWO gene traits

Go to Section: Section 11-3 Figure Independent Assortment in Peas

1. ___________ what _________________ are 2. ________correct__________ square __________ 3. ______ possible_______________________ 4. ______ boxes with _____________________ 5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________ LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS HOMOZYGOUS YELLOW ROUND rryy HOMOZYGOUS GREEN WRINKLED Figure out parent alleles Choose Punnett size Put in parent gametes Fill in offspring combinations probabilities phenotypes genotypes RRYY

LAW OF __________________________ the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other factors INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

R R Y YR R Y Y HOMOZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________ R YR Y R YR Y R YR YR YR Y

r r y yr r y y HOMOZYGOUS WRINKLED GREEN PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________ r y r yr y r yr yr yr y

R r Y yR r Y y HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________ R YR Y r yr y r Yr YR yR y

ry RY 100% of offspring = _______ genotype _______________________ phenotype RrYy ROUND YELLOW RrYy RrYy RrYyRrYy RrYy RrYy

R r Y yR r Y yR r Y yR r Y y HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW MAKE ANOTHER CROSS X

POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES? RYRY ryry RyRy rYrY

RYRyrYry RY Ry rY ry Sign of a ______________________ cross is a _____________ ratio in offspring. 9:3:3:1 ____ Round & Yellow ____ Round & green ____ Wrinkled & yellow ____ wrinkled & green RRYY RRYy RrYYRrYy RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy heterozygous dihybrid

__________ratio is a clue that it’s a ____________________________cross ____ ____________ TRAIT 1 ; ____________ TRAIT 2 ____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT :3:3:1 HETEROZYGOUS TWO gene dominant dominant recessive recessive dominant recessive

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for DIHYBRID CROSSES

pure round & pure tall = __________ ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   R R T T R T   R TR TR TR T

Heterozygous Tall = __________ & pure round ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   T t R R T R   t Rt Rt Rt R

Hybrid tall = __________ & pure wrinkled ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   T t r r T r   t rt rt rt r

Heterozygous tall = __________ & hybrid round ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   T t R r T RT r   t rt rt Rt R

1. Human Genetics Genes on chromosomes #1-22 = AUTOSOMAL Genes on sex chromosomes = SEX-LINKED HUMAN GENETICS

2. Human Genome Project Completed in 2003 International scientific project Identified over 90% of our genes HUGE science advancement

3. Sex Linked Genes Sex-linked genes on X- chromosome are “X-linked genes” Sex-linked genes on Y- chromosome are “Y-linked genes” X chr. much LARGER than Y chr., so it carries more genes.

4. Sex-linked Disorders 1. Colorblindness = cannot distinguish certain colors (red- green most common) recessive X-linked males more likely to be colorblind

WHY? males only need 1 recessive X to be colorblind females must have 2 recessive X to be colorblind

2. Hemophilia = disorder where blood does not clot recessive X-linked men more likely to have hemophilia

5. Detecting Human Genetic Disorders 1. Pedigree = diagram showing how a trait is inherited over several generations

Normal Male Male with condition Male CARRIER for condition

Normal Female Female with condition Female CARRIER for condition

Carrier = Person has 1 copy of a recessive allele Does not show trait