Disk Failures Skip. Index 13.4 Disk Failures 13.4.1 Intermittent Failures 13.4.2 Organizing Data by Cylinders 13.4.3 Stable Storage 13.4.4 Error- Handling.

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Disk Failures Skip

Index 13.4 Disk Failures Intermittent Failures Organizing Data by Cylinders Stable Storage Error- Handling Capabilities of Stable Storage Recovery from Disk Crashes Mirroring as a Redundancy Technique Parity Blocks An Improving: RAID Coping With Multiple Disk Crashers

Intermittent Failures If we try to read the sector but the correct content of that sector is not delivered to the disk controller Controller will check good and bad sector If the write is correct: Read is performed Good sector and bad sector is known by the read operation

CheckSum Read operation that determine the good or bad status

How CheckSum perform Each sector has some additional bits Set depending on the values of the data bits stored in each sector If the data bit in the not proper we know there is an error reading Odd number of 1: bits have odd parity( ) Even number of 1: bit have even parity ( ) Find Error is the it is one bit parity

Stable Storage Deal with disk error Sectors are paired and each pair X showing left and right copies as Xl and Xr It check the parity bit of left and right by subsituting spare sector of Xl and Xr until the good value is returned

Error-Handling Capabilities of Stable Storage Since it has XL and XR, one of them fail we can still read other one Chance both of them fail are pretty small The write Fail, it happened during power outage

Recover Disk Crash The most serious mode of failure for disks is “head crash” where data permanently destroyed. The way to recover from crash, we use RAID method

Mirroring as a Redundancy Technique it is call Raid 1 Just mirror each disk

Raid 1 graph

Parity Block It often call Raid 4 technical read block from each of the other disks and modulo-2 sum of each column and get redundant disk disk 1: disk 2: disk 3: get redundant disk 4(even 1= 0, odd 1 =1) disk 4:

Raid 4 graphic

Parity Block- Fail Recovery It can only recover one disk fail If it has more than one like two disk Then it can’t be recover us modulo-2 sum

An Improvement Raid 5

Coping with multiple Disk Crash For more one disk fail Either raid 4 and raid 5 can’t be work So we need raid 6 It is need at least 2 redundant disk

Raid 6

Reference content/uploads/2010/12/325px- RAID_1.svg_.pnghttp:// content/uploads/2010/12/325px- RAID_1.svg_.png