REFORM AND ROMANTICISM Chapter 15

Second Great Awakening (SGA) ■Response to Deism and Unitarianism ■Increased religious fervor ■“Burned-over district” in New York ■Helps to spawn reform movements in the early 19 th century.

Reform Movements ■Education Reform ■Prison/Asylum Reform ■Transcendental Movement ■Utopian Movement ■Women’s Rights

Temperance ■Major Players: Neal Dow ■Causes: –New industrial economy required sober workers –Religious fervor from SGA ■Effects: –Some restriction in alcohol sales. –Increased role of women in the home

Education Reform ■Major players: Horace Mann ■Causes: Increased political representation of the masses –Masses are able to vote in funding for schools –Wealthy wanted educated voters ■Effects: More schools –Massachusetts big winner in the North. –North Carolina big winner in the South –South relatively unaffected

Prison/Asylum Reform ■Major Players: Dorothea Dix ■Causes: –Increased moral obligation from SGA –Move to get rid of debtors prison ■Effects: –Introduction of penitentiaries –Recognition of mental illness

Transcendentalism ■Major players: Emerson, Thoreau ■Causes: Reaction to both Unitarianism and SGA ■Effects: First major philosophical movement in US. Thoreau will influence MLK and Ghandi.

Utopian Movement ■Major players: Oneida Community, Brook Farm ■Causes: Reaction to religious fervor. ■Effects: Oneida Silverware and free love movement. Forefathers of the hippie movement in the 60’s

Women’s Rights ■Major players: Elizabeth Cady Stanton ■Causes: –Reaction to cult of domesticity –Increased middle class –Women’s involvement in SGA ■Effects: –Increased pressure for women’s suffrage.

ROMANTICISM

Unique American Culture developed ■Art: –Hudson River School ■Literature: –Literature –Poetry –Architecture

Hudson River School – Thomas Cole ■Landscape paintings ■Celebrates American frontier

Literature ■Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter, Herman Melville Moby Dick ■Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass ■Edgar Allen Poe