A- Anatomical Position B- Directional Terms C- Planes D- Abdominopelvic Regions E- Organ Systems Laboratory # 1

Hands at the side and palms facing forward Standing (standing at attention) with hands at the side and the palms facing forward. Anatomical Position: NOYES

Anatomical Position

Directional Terms

elbow

The heart is __________ to the lungs The lungs are __________ to the heart The heart is _________ to the diaphragm The liver is ________ to the diaphragm The elbow is _______to the shoulder The elbow is _________ to the wrist

Anatomy uses many terms which describe specific structures or/and anatomical regions and positions Regional Terms Frontal (forehead) Cervical (neck) Brachial (arm) Antebrachial (forearm) Palmar (palm) Femoral (thigh) Crural (leg) Tarsal (foot) Thoracic (chest) Abdominal (abdomen) Umbilical (navel) Dorsal (back) Lumbar (loin) Vertebral (spinal column) Gluteal (buttock) Pelvic Femoral (thigh) Popliteal (back of the knee) Sural (calf) Calcaneal (heel) Plantar (sole) Patellar (anterior knee) Cephalic (head) Carpal

Body Cavities and Membranes Abdomino- pelvic cavity Cranial cavity (contains the brain) Vertebral cavity or vertebral canal (contains the spinal cord) Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Dorsal (posterior) body cavity Ventral (anterior) body cavity Diaphragm

Pleura Pericardium Peritoneum Mediastinum It is the area between the lungs, which contains the heart, the great vessels, the esophagus, trachea, and bronchi. Serous Membranes: Diaphragm Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Lung Diaphragm Parietal pericardium Visceral pericardium Pericardial cavity It contains pericardial fluid Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pleural cavity It contains pleural fluid Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Peritoneal cavityIt contains peritoneal fluid

Subcostal line Inguinal region 10th rib Liver Gallbladder Urethra Hypochondriac region Hypogastric region Umbilical region Epigastric region Lumbar region Intertubercular line Midclavicular line Large intestine Small intestine Urinary bladder Abdominopelvic Regions Regions

Umbilical region Epigastric region Hypogastric (pubic) region Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Right iliac (inguinal) region Left iliac (inguinal) region

Transverse plane (horizontal plane) Midsagittal plane Frontal plane (coronal plane) Anatomical Planes

© McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer Frontal plane Transverse plane Sagittal plane

(b) Frontal section(a) Sagittal section (c) Transverse section

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Integumentary System Principal organs: Skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands Principal functions: Protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Skeletal System Principal organs: Bones, cartilages, ligaments Principal functions: Support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, electrolyte and acid–base balance

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Muscular System Principal organs: Skeletal muscles Principal functions: Movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nervous System Principal organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia Principal functions: Rapid internal commun ication, coordination, motor control and sensation

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Circulatory System Principal organs: Heart, blood vessels Principal functions: Distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lymphatic System Principal organs: Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils Principal functions: Recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Respiratory System Principal organs: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Principal functions: Absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid–base balance, speech

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Digestive System Principal organs: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas Principal functions: Nutrient breakdown and absorption. Liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma proteins; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; and cleansing of blood.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Urinary System Principal organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Principal functions: Elimination of wastes; regulation of blood volume and pressure; stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; detoxification

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Endocrine System Principal organs: Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries Principal functions: Hormone production; internal chemical communication and coordination

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Male Reproductive System Principal organs: Testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis Principal functions: Production and delivery of sperm; secretion of sex hormones

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Female Reproductive System Principal organs: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands Principal functions: Production of eggs; site of fertilization and fetal development; fetal nourishment; birth; lactation; secretion of sex hormones