Appendicular Skeleton -Pelvic Girdle -Thigh (Leg) -(Lower) Leg -Foot -The lower appendages are attached to the axial skeleton via the pelvic girdle

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle -Pelvic girdle  2 coxal bones + sacrum Coxal bones are three pairs of fused bones -Ilium -Ischium -Pubis -Bony pelvis  2 coxal bones + sacrum + coccyx © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Function of the Pelvic Girdle -protects several organs: -Reproductive organs -Urinary bladder -Part of the large intestine -Bears weight of the upper body © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 5.26a The bony pelvis. Articulates with axial skeleton at the sacrum = sacroiliac joint Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint Ilium Coxal bone Sacrum (or hip bone) Pelvic brim Pubis Coccyx Ischial spine Acetabulum Ischium Pubic symphysis (a) Pubic arch

Figure 5.26b The bony pelvis. Ilium Ala Iliac crest Posterior superior iliac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Acetabulum Ischial body Body of pubis Ischial spine Pubis Ischial tuberosity Inferior pubic ramus Ischium Obturator foramen (b) Ischial ramus

Gender Differences of the Pelvis -The female’s pelvis: More shallow the bones are lighter and thinner Ilia flare more laterally Sacrum is shorter, less curved Ischial spines are shorter and farther apart Pubic arch is more rounded because the angle of the pubic arch is greater © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 5.26c The bony pelvis. Male Pelvis Pubic arch (less than 90 ° ) Female Pelvis Pubic arch (more than 90 ° ) (c)

Bones of the Lower Appendages Femur—thigh bone -heaviest, strongest bone in the body -head articulates with acetabulum of the (hip) bone This creates a ball-and-socket joint -distally, the lateral and medial condyles articulate with the tibia in the lower leg © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 5.27a Bones of the right thigh and leg. Neck Head Inter- trochanteric line Lesser trochanter Lateral condyle Patellar surface (a)

Figure 5.27b Bones of the right thigh and leg. Greater trochanter Head Inter- trochanteric crest Lesser trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Intercondylar fossa Medial condyle Lateral condyle (b)

Bones of the Lower Limbs Tibia—shinbone; larger and medially oriented Medial and lateral condyles articulate proximally with the femur to form the knee joint Fibula—thin and sticklike; lateral to the tibia Not part of the knee joint (Patella- a sesamoid (short) bone that lies anteriorly in the knee joint; called kneecap) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 5.27c Bones of the right thigh and leg. Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle Medial condyle Head Tibial tuberosity Proximal tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane Anterior border Fibula Tibia Distal tibiofibular joint Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus (c)

Bones of the Foot Tarsals—Two largest tarsals Calcaneus (heel bone) Talus Metatarsals—form the sole of the foot Phalanges—form the toes Big toe is the hallux All have 3 bones; hallux has 2 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 5.28 Bones of the right foot, superior view. Phalanges: Distal Middle Proximal Tarsals: Medial cuneiform Metatarsals Tarsals: Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Talus Calcaneus

Arches of the Foot Bones of the foot form three strong arches -Two longitudinal Medial and laterally located -One transverse © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 5.29 Arches of the foot. Medial longitudinal arch Transverse arch Lateral longitudinal arch