Mr. Wells Hickory Ridge High School

Booker T. Washington Son of a slave & white father Biography – Up From Slavery Hampton Institute – Virginia (1868) Built Tuskegee Institute – Alabama 1881 Vocational education Wrote about his views in the “Atlanta Compromise” - Avoided protests - Blacks should accept segregation Supported by Business leaders & presidents

Booker T. Washington & Tuskegee Institute

W.E.B. Du Bois Born in Massachusetts Studied in German universities Classical education 1 st African-Am. to earn Harvard Most famous book- The Souls of Black Folks Niagara Movement - equality - black pride - protests Helped form the NAACP (1909)

W.E.B. Du Bois

Ida B. Wells Born into slavery Moved to Memphis 1880s Teacher Editor of newspaper - Crusade for Justice Documented lynching in the U.S. Active in women’s suffrage movement

Voting Restriction  Poll Tax  had to pay in order to vote  Blacks & poor white sharecroppers could not afford it  Grandfather clause  whites could vote if grandfather voted prior to Jan. 1 st, 1867  before the 15 th Amendment

Jim Crow Laws  Racial segregation laws passed by Southern states  Schools  Hospitals  Parks  Transportation systems  Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)  U.S. Supreme Court  “separate but equal”

“Jump Jim Crow”

Debt Peonage System that bound laborers into slavery Mexicans and African-Americans 1911 – Supreme Court declares violation against 13 th Amendment

Discrimination in the North Segregated neighborhoods Labor unions denied black membership Last hired first fired

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 Congress bans Chinese for ten years Excluded students, teachers, merchants, tourists and government officials 1892 – Congress extends another 10 years 1902 – immigration restricted “indefinitely” Act not repealed until 1943

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882