GE21001 Dynamic Human Worlds Lectures 10 & 11 Nation, Nationalism and Citizenship Dr. Susan P. Mains Geography

Nation, Nationalism and Citizenship Lecture Outline: Case Study: Mexico City What’s a nation? Nation & nationalism Forms of nationalism Nation & territory Citizenship

Nation, Nationalism and Citizenship Mexico City Olympics, 1968 Tommie Smith, John Carlos & Peter Norman acHuPgTE

Mexico City La Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Tlatelolco dates/stories/october/2/newsid_ / stm

Understanding the Nation Definition of Nation A large group of people sharing common cultural traits: –Identify with one another –Believe that they belong with one another –Identify “insiders” –Identify “outsiders” Key Concept: –A state must have borders –A nation never does (?)

Understanding Nationalism What is Nationalism? The expressed desire of a people to establish and maintain a self-governing political entity. It has been a dominant social force in recent history, leading to both the creation and destruction of modern states.

Understanding Nationalism Nationalism may be based on ethnic ties, but nationalism and ethnicity are not the same. Nationalism involves three themes: –independence, unity, and identity

National Identities Cooperation across large social and spatial scales involves shared beliefs and trust among strangers. Successful nations require a set of agreed upon symbols that define who is and who is not part of the nation. Such processes facilitate the goals of independence and unity. What identities are privileged/excluded?

Constructing National Identities Nations are not ‘natural’ entities, they are socially constructed, unstable, and in process How do people construct a national identity? How are these identities linked with specific places/territories? -Scottish Highlands

Imagined Communities “It is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion... The nation is imagined as limited because even the largest of them, encompassing perhaps a billion human beings, has finite, if elastic boundaries, beyond which lie other nations. No nation imagines itself coterminous with mankind... It is imagined as sovereign because the concept was born in an age in which Enlightenment and Revolution were destroying the legitimacy of the divinely- ordained, hierarchical dynastic realm.” --Benedict Anderson, 1983, 15

Imagined Communities “Imagined” National Communities Nationalism: ideology that links nation to state –Homogeneity of language (?) –Printing press: advent of popular literature –School textbooks –Standardization of time –High profile events/figures

Imagined Communities Achieved through information: factual and mythical “invented traditions” and stories of the nation Creating continuity with ancient (and selective) pasts and places Becoming central to national “culture” BUT, these may be contested, multiple and/or conflicting claims to national identity

‘Us’ and ‘Them’ Nationalism is subjective Some people/places ‘belong’ and the rest are ‘others’ It is exclusionary Linked to territory—and iconic landscapes Places associated with aspects of national stories, events, figures

Iconic Landscapes

Visit Scotland

‘Us’ and ‘Them’ Minority groups may be increasingly marginalised Differential rights (e.g., voting, access to public funds, schooling, etc.,) Monitoring of religions, dress, language May be through legislation  force

Symbols of Nationalism Language Flags Distinctive architecture Monuments Parks Anthems Uniforms Events brary.org.uk/poetry/poems /centenary-scotch-whisky- associationhttp:// brary.org.uk/poetry/poems /centenary-scotch-whisky- association

Nations & Borders May be clearly visible Barely marked May serve different types of political and physical functions

Separatism & Nationalism Increasing ethnic nationalism New claims to independent nationhood Ethnic separatism: –Within multi-national countries –Some unrest –Varying degrees of violence –Forced deportations –Genocides –Military coups, secession

Separatism & Nationalism –Nationalisms are Unstable –Completely malleable – multiple, changing, disappearing, reappearing, never permanent, and always changeable –Those who belong to a nation may one day be ostracized from it due to new definitions of what comprise a nation. Bosnian Muslims in Yugoslavia Kosovar Albanians

Nationalism & Fundamentalism –Ridding the state of a minority nation within its borders to create a “nation ‐ state” –Done through: -Expulsion (en masse) -Eradication (en masse) -Expansion (of state borders) -Rape (genetic eradication) –1990s term: “Ethnic Cleansing”  “Genocide”

Political Indicators Global Peace Index (2010) – maps-41-global-peace-index/ maps-41-global-peace-index/ The Map of Freedom – Corruption Perceptions Index – /2010/resultshttp:// /2010/results Border Disputes –E.g., the Arctic – – just-what-boundaries-well-be-fighting-over-for-oil.phphttp:// just-what-boundaries-well-be-fighting-over-for-oil.php

Political Indicators Global Peace Index (2010) – maps-41-global-peace-index/ maps-41-global-peace-index/ The Map of Freedom – Corruption Perceptions Index – /2010/resultshttp:// /2010/results Border Disputes –E.g., the Arctic – – just-what-boundaries-well-be-fighting-over-for-oil.phphttp:// just-what-boundaries-well-be-fighting-over-for-oil.php

Political Indicators Global Peace Index (2010) – maps-41-global-peace-index/ maps-41-global-peace-index/ The Map of Freedom – Corruption Perceptions Index – /2010/resultshttp:// /2010/results Border Disputes –E.g., the Arctic – – just-what-boundaries-well-be-fighting-over-for-oil.phphttp:// just-what-boundaries-well-be-fighting-over-for-oil.php

Political Indicators Global Peace Index (2010) – maps-41-global-peace-index/ maps-41-global-peace-index/ The Map of Freedom – Corruption Perceptions Index – /2010/resultshttp:// /2010/results Border Disputes –E.g., the Arctic – – just-what-boundaries-well-be-fighting-over-for-oil.phphttp:// just-what-boundaries-well-be-fighting-over-for-oil.php

Abbas submits Palestinian statehood bid to UN Netanyahu: Better bad press, than a good eulogy Contrasting Perspectives

Borders, external influences and access to resources

Defining Citizenship noun a legally recognized subject or national of a state or commonwealth, either native or naturalized: a British citizen an inhabitant of a particular town or city: the good citizens of Edinburgh Oxford Dictionary

Defining Citizenship Phrases citizen of the world –a person who is at home in any country: [s]he has long since ceased to be a provincial and is now very much a citizen of the world Oxford Dictionary

Defining Citizenship “Citizenship, relationship between an individual and a state in which an individual owes allegiance to that state and in turn is entitled to its protection. Citizenship implies the status of freedom with accompanying responsibilities. Citizens have certain rights, duties, and responsibilities that are denied or only partially extended to aliens and other noncitizens residing in a country. In general, full political rights, including the right to vote and to hold public office, are predicated upon citizenship. The usual responsibilities of citizenship are allegiance, taxation, and military service.military service Citizenship is the most privileged form of nationality.”nationality –Encyclopædia Britannica

Citizenship Foundation “We define citizenship as being about taking an active part in society, we run projects in schools to help young people explore the issues surrounding how we live together in our communities. We also expand the discussion from local issues to national and global ones.define citizenship Programmes include economic awareness (eg how to manage money and how money should be spent in the community), volunteering, climate awareness and citizenship issues in other countries.”how to manage moneyhow money should be spent in the community Studying citizenship compulsory since 2002

Scale, Citizenship & Politics Citizenship at many scales “Jumping scales”

The Global Citizen… respects and values diversity is aware of the wider world and has a sense of their own role as a world citizen takes responsibility for their actions is outraged by social injustice participates in the community at a range of levels, from the local to global has an understanding of how the world works is willing to act to make the world a more equitable and sustainable place –Words from Oxfam 2006 Education for Global Citizenship A Guide for Schools

‘Testing’ Citizenship “Settlement and citizenship Becoming settled in the UK by getting indefinite leave to remain means you will have the opportunity to play an even more active role in your community and wider society. You no longer have to renew your permission to stay in the UK and you are free to come and go with the minimum of fuss, provided you do not remain outside the UK for more than two years. If you are applying to become a British citizen, this will give you: the right to a British passport the right to vote in national elections As an individual, you also have many talents and experiences to bring to UK society.”

‘Testing’ Citizenship

Public Citizenship Private and public identity and spaces Pledging allegiance “Preceding the Oath of Allegiance, immigrants watch a video montage of Ellis Island images set to “America the Beautiful,” followed by a videotaped message from George W. Bush (“With a single oath, all at once, you become as American as the most direct descendants of our founding fathers”). Last comes a video of newly sworn-in citizens waving flags; “God Bless the USA (I’m Proud to Be an American)” plays in the background” –description of citizenship ceremony in Oregon, USA.