Contributions of Scientists to Forensic Science Page 13 in notebook Will need to record the information in pink (plus names!)

Edmond Locard Coined the phrase “Every contact leaves a trace” Known as the Locard Exchange Principle –Always will be cross transfer of evidence between suspect and victim or location of crime –Can be able to connect every crime scene to a suspect Started first crime lab in the world

Alphonse Bertillon Developed first system of personal identification Science of anthropometry (body measurements) As a means of identification, investigators would take specific body measurements –Body height, outstetched arms, trunk height, width of head, length of head, length and width of right ear, length of left foot, length of left middle and little finger

Problem with Bertillon Measurements 2 inmates in Leavenworth Prison; one named Will West, the other named William West Both inmates looked very similar The inmates had nearly identical Bertillon measurements Caused problems in identifying these two inmates

Bertillon Measurements Abandoned Bertillon measurements were abandoned world-wide as a means of identifying individuals –Failed to provide reliable and unique measurements –2 different people measuring the same inmate would get different results –Time consuming and cumbersome in order to obtain measurements Replaced with fingerprint identification

Francis Galton Classified fingerprints using 3 main fingerprint patterns –Loops, whorls or arches Determined that –Person’s fingerprints stayed the same from birth to death –No 2 fingerprints are identical –Fingerprints cannot be altered

Sir Edward Henry Developed a more in depth means of classifying fingerprints –Assigns a number to each finger and patterns (whorls are assigned numbers, loops and arches are not) –Uses a ratio of sum of whorl-patterned even fingers over whorl-patterned odd fingers

Watson and Crick Discover DNA double helix –2 strands of DNA bonded together