Learning for test 1 Add the notes to this presentation 1

The growth of population Learning outcomes Identify the change in global population numbers over the past 2000 years. 2

Variations over time of global population 3 Describe the changes shown on Figure 4c. (3)

4 The balance between birth rate and death rate. Death rate: the number of deaths per 1000 per year Birth rate: the number of live birth per 1000 per year Natural increase: the birth rate minus the death rate, usually expressed as a percentage per year: birth rate- death rate 10 If birth rate lower than death rate= decrease

What causes BR and DR to change over time and over space? 5

4 factors cause BR and DR to vary over space Medical Economic Social Political Examine the factors which affect the natural increase of a country’s population. (6) 6

When you answer a question that requires a longer answer, remember the PEEL technique. P E E L Make your POINT Give your EVIDENCE EXPLAIN your evidence If possible, LINK to your next statement or the original point.

8 Population Change over time: The Demographic Transition model The specific characteristics of each stage and the reasons for them have to be learned.

9 Population structure and characteristics vary from place to place (LOCAL SCALE) p198 Population structure classified according to age, sex, ethnicity, religion and employment. Why do we study it? To predict changes in: working population Demand for housing Provision of services for the young and elderly.

Information collected in census [questionnaire delivered to all households once every ten years in HICs such as the UK. Difficult to conduct census in LIC or/and large countries such as India  difficult to obtain data especially in rural areas  illiteracy, problem of accessibility, poor response from women. 10

The characteristics of population - GENDER (male or female) - AGE (young, middle-aged, old). -ETHNICITY: see next slide -RELIGION e.g. Greek Orthodox, Catholics, Muslim, Hindu. -OCCUPATION. E.g. managerial, skilled, unskilled, unemployed or in education (primary, secondary and tertiary sector) -POPULATION STRUCTURE- age groups 0-15, 16-29, 30-44, 45-64, Aged 65 and over. 11

12 Ethnic groups Ethnic means a group of people which have similar cultural characteristics such as language, colour, religion and nationality, e.g. African American, Hispanic Usually migrate to a place where they may form a minority within the total population Rarely spread out evenly, but tend to concentrate in areas of a country or parts of a city.

13 Population pyramids They display graphically the percentage or actual amount of population broken down by sex and five-year age groups. Show long term trends in birth and death rates Reflect shorter term baby booms and wars and famine, epidemics. Three types: rapid growth, slow growth, negative growth

14 HOW TO INTERPRETE A POPULATION PYRAMID

RAPID GROWTH 15

SLOW GROWTH 16

Negative growth 17

18

Ageing population Youthful population 19 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES

20 Dependency ratio Relationship between active population [% pop aged 15-65] whether they are employed or not, and non active population [%pop aged % aged 65+].

21 A high dependency ratio can cause serious problems for a country if a large proportion of a government's expenditure is on health, social security & education, which are most used by the youngest and the oldest in a population. The fewer people of working age, the fewer the people who can support schools, retirement pensions, disability pensions and other assistances to the youngest and oldest members of a population, often considered the most vulnerable members of society.