Cultures in Conflict A visual history of the Frontier Wars in Texas Created by: Kristi Fleming Murchison Middle School Spring 2007

Native American Needs vs. Anglo American Needs LAND Needed for buffalo Strengths: 1.Knowledge of the territory 2.Skilled fighters Weaknesses: 1.Depended on buffalo for survival 2.Disagreement among leaders Strengths: 1.Forts 2.Federal government support Weaknesses: 1.Too few in number, untrained, supply shortages 2.Forts too far apart 3.Little experience fighting Native Americans LAND Needed for farming and ranching

1867 – present day Kansas Representatives from the United States and representatives of the Comanche, Kiowa, Cheyenne, Arapaho and other southern Plains tribes sign the Medicine Lodge Treaty, intended to remove Indians from the path of white settlement. The treaty marks the end of the era in which federal policymakers saw the Plains as "one big reservation" to be divided up among various tribes. Instead, the treaty establishes reservations for each tribe in the western part of present-day Oklahoma. It also requires Native Americans to stop making raids on Anglo American settlements and give up their traditional lands elsewhere. In exchange, the government pledges to establish reservation schools and to provide resident farmers who will teach the Indians agriculture. However, the Army would not be allowed on reservation land.The tribes' refusal to give up their free-ranging traditions and remain confined within the territory assigned to them leads to devastating warfare. Engraving of the Medicine Lodge Treaty Council, 1867 Natives agreed to stop raiding Anglo settlements in exchange for rations and supplies Medicine Lodge Treaty

Lone Wolf (Guipago) Leader of the War Faction of the Kiowa Tribe. He believed in fighting the whites to keep the Kiowa way of life. Attended the Medicine Lodge Treaty and fought at Adobe Walls. Satank (Set- ankia) Sitting Bear Kiowa Chief who was killed during transport to Jacksboro for trial after the Warren Wagon Train Raid. Satanta (Set-tain-te) White Bear Called “Orator of the Plains” because of his speeches at Medicine Lodge Council. Kiowa Chief involved in the Warren Wagon Train Raid Important TX Indian Chiefs and Warriors Kicking Bird (Te-ne-angopte) Leader of the Peace Faction of the Kiowa Tribe. He urged his people to adapt and became known for his preaching of peace. Kiowa

Important TX Indian Chiefs and Warriors Comanche Quanah Parker Son of a Comanche chief (Peta Nocona) and an Anglo American woman, Cynthia Ann Parker, who had been captured by the Comanche as a child. He became a powerful Comanche chief who fought to stop the spread of the Anglos. Ten Bears (Paruasemana) Comanche chief known for his speech at the Medicine Lodge Treaty in "I was born upon the prairie where the wind blew free and there was nothing to break the light of the sun. I was born where there were no enclosures and where everything drew a free breath. I want to die there and not within walls."

President Ulysses S. Grant Replaced military officers on reservations with Quaker agents in an effort to make peace General William Tecumseh Sherman Civil War hero who brought the total war tactics he used to crush the Confederacy against the tribes of the Plains Important White Leaders of the Frontier Wars Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie, 4 th Cavalry The leader of the U.S. Army at Palo Duro General Philip Sheridan Commander of the US Military Department of the Southwest. Helped defeat the bill proposed by the Texas Legislature that would have protected the buffalo Lawrie Tatum Quaker Agent sent by Grant to help deal with the Native Americans in Indian Territory. Shown here with some returned Native captives.

The threat of Indian raids was a constant source of anxiety for settlers on the Texas frontier, particularly after U.S. troops left Texas during the Civil War years Painting by Nola Davis, courtesy of Fort Richardson SHS, Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept Aftermath of Indian attack on an early Texas farm. The Native’s economy had become dependent on the people and supplies acquired from Anglos during these raids. Drawing by Nola Davis, courtesy Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept. On a path of destruction stretching from Linville in south Texas to east of Austin, Comanche raiders are intercepted by citizen militia and rangers at the Battle of Plum Creek Engraving from sketch by T.J. Owen (a pseudonym for the author, O'Henry), from Wilbrager, 1889.

Site of the Warren Wagon Train Raid Young County, 1871 Sketch depicting Warren Wagon train attack T.J. Owen (the writer O.Henry.) Warren Wagon Train Raid The Warren Wagon Train Raid was a raid by the Kiowa that served as a turning point in American Policy toward the Natives of Texas. The peace policy adopted after the Medicine Lodge Treaty was abandoned. The Quaker Agents were sent home. The army would stop just defending the settlers… they would start attacking.