Nominations and Campaigns Caucuses&Primaries History of Conventions.doc History of Conventions.doc.

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Nominations and Campaigns Caucuses&Primaries History of Conventions.doc History of Conventions.doc

1968 DNC - Chicago

McGovern-Fraser Commission End of the “Smoke-Filled Room” End of the “Smoke-Filled Room” Convention Delegates would be selected by PRIMARIES – pledged to the winner. Convention Delegates would be selected by PRIMARIES – pledged to the winner. Limits the power of Party Leaders Limits the power of Party Leaders Democrats: Democrats:Superdelegates 15% for “Peer Review”

Frontloading ► Early Caucuses and Primaries receive too much media attention- gives the media too much power to label winners and losers. ► Distorts the campaign. ► Advantages: Retail Politics; inexpensive; motivated and informed voters.

Money and Campaigns Federal Election Campaign Act (1974)  Created the Federal Election Commission  Required candidates to report all contributions and account for how the money was spent.  Limits individual contributions to $2500 (Hard Money)- money given directly to a candidate.  Initiated Public Financing of Elections- the Presidential Election Fund (Matching Funds in the primaries with strings attached). Led to the modern “Clean Elections” Movement.  Provided for federal funding in the General Election- in 2004 Bush & Kerry got $75 million. (last time both candidates opted into the system.

FECA Legal Loopholes 1. Soft Money- unlimited contributions to the Party or a PAC. Buckley v. Valeo (1976): $ = Speech McCain-Feingold Act (2002) banned soft money & issue ads 60 days before a general election, unless the ad is paid for by a FEC regulated PAC. Created New Loopholes > 527’s McCain-Feingold Act (2002) banned soft money & issue ads 60 days before a general election, unless the ad is paid for by a FEC regulated PAC. Created New Loopholes > 527’s McConnell v. FEC (2003) said McCain-Feingold was constitutional in a 5-4 decision; overturned by Citizens United (2010): Corp/Unions- $ = Free Speech McConnell v. FEC (2003) said McCain-Feingold was constitutional in a 5-4 decision; overturned by Citizens United (2010): Corp/Unions- $ = Free Speech 2. Political Action Committees (PACs)- created by interest groups to influence policy through campaign contributions; Citizens United = Super PAC’s

CITIZENS UNITED V. FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION (2010) SC rules that corporations may spend freely to support or oppose candidates for president and Congress. The court overturns 100 years of campaign finance law including McCain-Feingold, saying that “the expenditure ban invalidated" in Buckley v. Valeo applies to corporations and unions, not just individuals. The ruling does not affect prohibition on direct contributions to candidates (Hard Money) from corporations and unions Creates - SUPER PAC’s /colbert-super-pac---not-coordinating-with-stephen- colbert /colbert-super-pac---not-coordinating-with-stephen- colbert

Political Action Committees The Sky’s the Limit for the Amount PAC’s can Spend PAC’s act independently of the candidate. PAC’s act independently of the candidate. PAC’s must register with the FEC. PAC’s must register with the FEC. 527’s are like PAC’s, but don’t register with the FEC (non profit – register w/IRS) & can receive unlimited soft money contributions. 527’s are like PAC’s, but don’t register with the FEC (non profit – register w/IRS) & can receive unlimited soft money contributions. Examples of 527’s in the 2004 Election: Swift Boat Veterans for Truth & MoveOn.org. Examples of 527’s in the 2004 Election: Swift Boat Veterans for Truth & MoveOn.org. For More Info on Political Action Committees Political Action CommitteesPolitical Action Committees

Changes in the Way Corporations Can Finance Campaigns Changes in the Way Corporations Can Finance Campaigns - Graphic - NYTimes.com Changes in the Way Corporations Can Finance Campaigns - Graphic - NYTimes.com Changes in the Way Corporations Can Finance Campaigns - Graphic - NYTimes.com Changes in the Way Corporations Can Finance Campaigns - Graphic - NYTimes.com Lobbyists Get Potent Weapon in Campaign Finance Ruling - NYTimes.com Lobbyists Get Potent Weapon in Campaign Finance Ruling - NYTimes.com Lobbyists Get Potent Weapon in Campaign Finance Ruling - NYTimes.com Lobbyists Get Potent Weapon in Campaign Finance Ruling - NYTimes.com

2008 Democratic Primary 8 Minute Summary of the Longest Primary Battle in American Political History: k/bcpid /bctid k/bcpid /bctid