Chapter 10: Emotion and motivation Slides prepared by Randall E. Osborne, Texas State University-San Marcos, adapted by Dr Mark Forshaw, Staffordshire University, UK 1

Emotional Experience: The Feeling Machine 2

Emotional Experience Imagine ‘being in love’ Having the emotion is easy Describing it is hard could focus on sources could focus on physiology could try to describe the experience 3

What Is Emotion? Feelings versus moods versus emotions Multidimensional scaling Dimension of arousal Dimension of valence (feeling) 4

The Emotional Body James-Lange Theory Cannon-Bard Theory Events occur, they trigger a brain response which creates an emotion Cannon-Bard Theory Events simultaneously trigger an autonomic nervous system response AND an emotion Two-Factor Theory Emotions are inferences about physiological arousal that hasn't been differentiated 5

Physiology of Emotion 6

The Emotional Brain Temporal lobe syndrome Amygdala Appraisal Acts very fast to distinguish threat from non-threat Acts BEFORE you have worked out the details of the stimulus 7

The Emotional Brain Amygdala Cortex Stimulus Fear response Amygdala make a rapid appraisal (PURPLE route) Cortex make a slow, thorough appraisal (TURQUISE route) 8

The Emotional Brain Emotional regulation Reappraisal typically to turn negative into positive may sometimes need to “cheer down” Reappraisal thinking can change feeling shown photo of woman crying at funeral amygdala became active asked to reappraise and imagine woman is at wedding cortex became active and then amygdala deactivated 9

Emotional Communication: Msgs w/o Wrds 10

Communicative Expression Universality hypothesis cross-cultural research supports this congenitally blind persons make same expressions as others The cause and effect of expression feelings cause emotional expressions (muscles) facial-feedback hypothesis people with trouble experiencing emotions have trouble recognizing the emotions of others 11

Deceptive Expression Display rules Intensification = exaggerating Deintensification = muting expression Masking = expressing one emotion whilst feeling another Neutralizing = feeling an emotion but displaying none 12

Deceptive Expression Our attempts to obey our culture’s display rules are sometimes betrayed by incomplete control of facial muscles Four sets of features that allow careful observer to tell whether our emotional expression is sincere morphology symmetry duration temporal patterning 13

Deceptive Expression Humans are generally not that good at detecting when others are lying Accuracy based on profession (100% = perfect accuracy, 50% = guessing), some trained professionals can achieve 80% [Ekman & O’Sullivan(1991)], whereas most people are no better than chance [Ekman, 1992] 14

Deceptive Expression Polygraph Blood flow in brain and face measures physiological changes associated with stress high false positive rate Blood flow in brain and face some brain areas are more active when people lie than when they tell the truth 15

Motivation: Getting Moved 16

Motivation Motivation Function of emotion Capgras Syndrome we use mood to make judgments Capgras Syndrome Damage to connections between limbic system and temporal lobe Hedonic principle motivated to maximize pleasure and minimize pain 17

Motivation Conceptualising motivation Instincts Drives Homeostasis according to the text, “nature endows us with certain motivations and […] experience endows us with others” Drives Departing from the optimal state creates a drive Homeostasis A system will find its own ‘balance’ 18

Motivation Eating and mating Maslow’s hierarchy organise urges or needs 19

The Hunger Signal Body needs energy = sends orexigenic signal (tells brain to switch hunger on) ghrelin Body has sufficient energy = sends anorexigenic signal (tells brain to switch hunger off) leptin 20

Hypothalamus and Eating Primary receiver of hunger signals is hypothalamus Lateral hypothalamus receives orexigenic signals Ventromedial hypothalamus receives anorexigenic signals 21

Eating Problems Bulimia nervosa Anorexia nervosa Obesity caught in a cycle Anorexia nervosa even though body is producing high levels of ghrelin (trying to switch hunger on), hunger’s call is suppressed, ignored, or over-ridden Obesity human body is designed to resist weight loss so obesity is natural consequence of high calorie existence 22

Sexual Interest In some ways, sexual interest follows a simple wiring scheme glands secrete hormones hormones travel to brain brain stimulates sexual desire but what triggers the launch and which hormones and which brain parts? 23

Sexual Interest Hormone dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA) seems to be involved in initial onset of sexual desire Both males and females produce testosterone and oestrogen males produce more testosterone females produce more oestrogen Testosterone appears to be involved in sex drive for both men and women 24

Sexual Activity Human sexual response cycle excitement phase plateau phase orgasm phase resolution phase refractory period 25

Kinds of Motivation Extrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation extrinsic motivators can undermine intrinsic motivation Conscious motivation Unconscious motivation 26

Kinds of Motivation Need for achievement Approach motivation Unconscious desire to ‘get somewhere’, solve a problem etc. Approach motivation Desire to experience a positive outcome Avoidance motivation Desire to avoid a negative outcome 27