Tenets of Reformation Bible = sole authority for Christian faith Christ = only head of the church

John Wycliffe English reformer “Morning Star of the Reformation” opposed church corruption held the Bible as supreme authority

John Huss Bohemian reformer challenged worldliness of clergy and defended Wycliffe’s teachings revised the Bohemian translation of the Bible tried and condemned at Council of Constance

Martin Luther German reformer dedicated and disciplined priest realized that justification was by faith alone

Indulgences granted pardon for punishment of sin taken from a “treasury of merits”

Johann Tetzel Dominican friar sold indulgences in Germany

Ninety-five Theses October 31, 1517 posted by Martin Luther on Wittenberg church

Leipzig Debates 3-week debate contestants: John Eck, Bodenstein von Carstadt, and Martin Luther key question = authority in the church

Leipzig Debates Luther claimed: Bible was the only true source of authority for the church. Church councils were fallible.

Luther’s teachings attacked the sacramental system as distorting the truth of salvation maintained the universal priesthood of believers

Papal and Ruler Preoccupation Leo X sought political support from Germany. Charles V feared Luther’s public support.

Luther’s condemnation Pope issued an excommunication bull. Luther publicly burned the bull. Emperor summoned him to an imperial diet.

Edict of Worms condemned Luther as an outlaw banned his writings forbade any help or protection given to him sentenced to death if captured

Luther’s Bible translation most current and contemporary based on Erasmus’ Greek New Testament helped to standardize the German language

Luther’s works Shorter Catechism “A Mighty Fortress is Our God”

Augsburg Confession written by Philipp Melanchthon doctrinal standard and statement of faith for Lutherans

Lutheran declaration “Protest and testify publicly before God” that they would agree with “nothing contrary to His Word.”

Charles V’s preoccupation vast holdings = great power, and many problems wars with Francis I of France Turkish invasion of Suleiman

Peace of Augsburg between Emperor Charles V and Protestant leaders allowed ruling princes to determine which religion his territory would follow

Reformation in Switzerland began in Zurich led by Ulrich Zwingli Sixty-seven Conclusions = statement of faith

Marburg Meeting between Luther and Zwingli to settle doctrinal disagreements disagreed on meaning of the Lord’s Supper no compromise

Luther = Christ present in, with, and under the elements Zwingli = a symbolic remembrance of Christ’s death Positions on the Lord’s Supper

Anabaptists originally “Swiss Brethren” opposed the practice of infant baptism persecuted for not conforming to accepted religions

Anabaptist beliefs Only true believers are members of the local church. A state should be separate and non-interfering in church affairs.

Anabaptist beliefs Christians should be pacifists. Many groups questioned the teaching of justification by faith alone.

Anabaptist descendants The Mennonites led by Menno Simons The Amish led by Jacob Amman

John Calvin fled to Switzerland The Institutes of the Christian Religion Geneva = leading center of Protestant Reformation Reformation in Switzerland

Calvin’s Theology stressed God’s sovereignty believed God “predestines” everything included idea that God “elects” those who will be saved

Factors in England’s Reformation publication of an English translation of the Bible involvement of the English rulers

English Bible John Wycliffe = first complete English translation (1382) William Tyndale = English New Testament from the ancient languages (1525)

Matthew Coverdale = translation of the entire Bible (1535); publication of the Great Bible John Rogers = Matthew’s Bible (1537) English Bible

number verses italics for words not in Greek or Hebrew versions Geneva Bible = published by English refugees in Switzerland contributions: English Bible

Bishop’s Bible = English authorized version to replace the Geneva Bible (1568) King James Version = culmination of all English translations (1611) English Bible

Divorce Controversy Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon. The pope refused to grant the divorce.

Divorce Controversy Henry VIII persuaded Parliament to break with Rome. New Archbishop Cranmer annulled the marriage.

English Reformation Henry VIII branded Luther as a heretic Act of Supremacy = final break with Rome still held Catholic teachings and practices

advanced Reformation by Parliamentary acts important works Edward VI Book of Common Prayer Forty-two Articles English Reformation

goal = bring England back to the Roman church persecuted Protestant leaders (Latimer, Ridley, Cranmer) Mary I English Reformation

“ We shall this day light such a candle, by God’s grace, in England, as I trust shall never be put out.” Latimer to Ridley:

Elizabeth I favored a moderate solution to Protestantism and Catholicism reinstated the Act of Supremacy revised the statement of faith = Thirty-nine Articles English Reformation

Elizabethan Settlement religious compromise established the Church of England = Anglican Church

Elizabeth’s political troubles Phillip II and war with Spain he wanted to marry Elizabeth but was spurned plotted to overthrow Elizabeth planned to invade England

Consequences of Defeat preserved England from Spanish and Catholic domination accelerated decline of Spain established England as a sea power

Anglican Dissenters Puritans = purify the church of Catholic things Separatists = remove themselves from the church Orthodox Catholics = bring Anglican church back to Catholicism

Scottish Reformation noted preacher in England studied under John Calvin challenged Catholicism in Scotland preached against the Queen’s Catholic ideas John Knox

Dutch Reformation Dutch aristocrats resisted (led by William the Silent) Protestant areas declared independence reaction to Catholic ruler, Philip II

Reformation in France impacted by Luther’s writings John Calvin = most famous Reformer French government mainly Catholic decades of religious civil wars

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre celebration of a royal marriage turned into a Huguenot massacre praised by Philip II and the pope

War of Three Henries determine the next ruler in France Henry III, Valois Henry Guise Henry Bourbon of Navarre

Henry Bourbon of Navarre won issued the Edict of Nantes = granted religious toleration War of Three Henries

Catholic Reformation early days = reform internal practices attacked the Protestants = Counter-Reformation

Counter-Reformation Jesuits = promoted the Counter-Reformation religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola

Jesuits goals: educate and spiritually train youth for the church propagate faith among the heathen fight against Protestantism

Counter-Reformation Inquisition = tried heretics court system of terror and death to Protestants

Index = regulated reading material for Catholics list of papal-sanctioned books Counter-Reformation

Council of Trent most important since Council of Constance convened to deal with issues of division, heresy, church reform

Meetings and subjects 1.weight of Scripture and church tradition 2.the heresy of the Protestants 3.internal reforms in the church

Council’s Significance condemned basic Protestant principles set forth a binding Catholic doctrinal position