BACTERIA STRUCTURE, REPRODUCTION, AND RECOMBINATION GROUP 2: ASHLEY HARTZ, ALYSSA SIMONI, AND GIANNA CAPUTO

OVERVIEW Explain how bacteria obtain energy Chemoheterotrophic, photoheterotrophic, photoautotrophs, and chemoautotrophs Difference between obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, and obligate anaerobes Bacterial cell reproduction Genetic recombination 3 major types of bacterial recombination Bacteria resistance to drugs

OBTAINING ENERGY Photosynthetic bacteria uses energy from the sun to make their own food but only when in the presence of sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. When these elements come together they're turned into glucose and oxygen. *cyanobacteria Chemosynthetic bacteria uses energy released from chemical reactions to produce food. *hot springs

OBTAINING ENERGY AUTOTROPHS Photoautotrophs- an organism that is capable of using light energy to synthesize sugars and other organic molecules Chemoautotrophs- an organism uses chemical reactions to create energy

OBTAINING ENERGY HETEROTROPH Chemoheterotroph- An organism that obtains energy by oxidation of electron donors in their environment Photoheterotroph- An organism that uses light for energy, but cannot use carbon dioxide

OBLIGATE ANAEROBES, FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES, AND OBLIGATE AEROBES Obligate anaerobes- An organism that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen Facultative anaerobes- An organism that can grow with or without oxygen Obligate aerobes- An organism that requires oxygen to grow

BACTERIA REPRODUCTION Bacteria reproduces by Binary Fission Bacterium divides into 2 replicates Splits into 2 daughter cells with identical DNA to the parent cell

BACTERIA REPRODUCTION Bacterium must divide at the right time, right place, and provided each offspring with a complete copy of its DNA In order to stay competitive and viable, the DNA copy must be exact microbes/bacteria

GENETIC RECOMBINATION New allele combinations are created from exchanging DNA Is the reason every person is genetically different

BACTERIAL RECOMBINATION- CONJUGATION DNA is transferred when bacteria cells are connected Needs a male and female The male gives the DNA and the female receives the DNA

BACTERIAL RECOMBINATION- TRANSFORMATION Bacteria cells pick up a DNA molecule Bacteria replicates the new DNA along with is own

BACTERIAL RECOMBINATION- TRANSDUCTION DNA gets transferred by a virus Bacteria cells do not need to be touching to transfer DNA

BACTERIA RESISTANCE TO DRUGS Every time you use an antibiotic/drug the sensitive bacteria cells are killed but resistance germs are left to grow and multiply Reduces the effectivity of drugs, chemicals, or other agents Exposure to antibiotics creates selective pressure, which makes the surviving bacteria more likely to be resistant

BACTERIA RESISTANCE TO DRUGS Bacteria that were at one time susceptible to an antibiotic can acquire resistance through mutation of their genetic material or by acquiring pieces of DNA that code for the resistance properties from other bacteria DNA codes for resistance can be grouped in a single easily transferable package

OVERVIEW Explain how bacteria obtain energy Chemoheterotrophic, photoheterotrophic, photoautotrophs, and chemoautotrophs Difference between obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, and obligate anaerobes Bacterial cell reproduction Genetic recombination 3 major types of bacterial recombination Bacteria resistance to drugs