Information Processing: Minds, Computers, and Cognition

Information Processing Model Adpated from Wickens (1984 and 1992)

Norbert Wiener ( ) Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (1948)

Cybernetics From Greek root meaning Steersman System with goal-directed action (e.g. missile getting to a target), a movement controlled by negative feedback (correct the flight path of missile). Model that holds for both animal and machine; the mechanical and organic.

JANUARY 1950 Harvard’s Mark III Electromechanical Computer

Hixon Symposium on the Cerebral Mechanisms of Behavior (1948)

Hixon Symposium Presentations

1956 Symposium on Information Theory, MIT Miller’s “Magical Number 7” Chunking phenomenon of short-term memory (7 units +/- 2) Chomsky’s generative grammar:language as series of transformations Newell & Simon—General Problem Solver: Logic Theory Machine to prove theorems (early contribution to Artificial Intelligence) Jerome Bruner—concept formation

Noam Chomsky (1928- Syntactic Structures (1957) Review of Skinner’s 1957 Verbal Behavior (1959)

“I now believe that mind is something more than a four letter, Anglo-Saxon word—human minds exist, and it is our job as psychologists to study them.” George Miller (1962)

TOTE unit Miller, Galanter, Pribram (1960) FEEDBACK LOOPS

Center for Cognitive Studies Harvard (founded 1960) Jerome Bruner The Study of Thinking (1956) George A. Miller

“The Center for Cognitive Studies is concerned with how information is stored, processed, and communicated—both by human beings and by the devices human beings invent in order to cope with information.” (Bruner and Miller, 1960)

GREGORY BATESON ( ) DOUBLE BIND HYPOTHESIS Schizophrenia as a product of disordered communication in family

Jerry Fodor (1935- (1983)

Parallel Distributed Processing Connectionism David Rumelhart and James McClelland

Parallel Distributed Processing (1986)

Rumelhart and McClleland, Network for Recognition of letters and Words

Stanley Kubrick’s 1968 film “2001”

Philip K. Dick Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968)

BLADE RUNNER (1982)

by Robert Sternberg,Third Edition (2003)