Wake-up 1.Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 2.Explain what would happen to a clown fish (Nemo from the ocean) if it was placed in freshwater. 3.What is #2 an example of, hypertonic or hypotonic? Explain.

EOC Review #3: Photosynthesis, Cell Respiration, DNA, Mitosis, and Protein synthesis Christopherson

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis I

Photosynthesis Function To produce glucose (food) for producers The formula for glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6

Photosynthesis: How? Plants absorb sunlight energy, carbon dioxide and water to make glucose

Organisms that Undergo Photosynthesis: Plants

Bacteria

Protists – ex/ Green Algae

Photosynthesis: Location Producer Leaf Leaf Cross-section Chloroplast Chlorophyll: Pigment

Pigments Found inside the thylakoid Absorb sunlight energy and give plants their color.

Photosynthesis Summative Equation (Formula) CO 2 H2OH2O + C 6 H 12 O 6 + O2O2 Sunlight Energy Reactants What is needed Products What is produced

Cell Respiration I: ATP and Anaerobic Respiration Christopherson

Purpose of Cell Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 ATP The process in which glucose (food) is broken down into ATP (usable energy) C 6 H 12 O 6

Nucleic Acid Function Usable form of energy (ATP)

Cell Respiration Summative Equation (Formula) CO 2 H2OH2O + C 6 H 12 O 6 + O2O2 Reactants Need? Products Produced? ATP +

Anaerobic Respiration Respiration that occurs without oxygen present

Organisms that undergo Anaerobic Respiration: All living things

Anaerobic (Complex Organisms) C 6 H 12 O 6 C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C and C-C-C Pyruvate Glucose is broken down into pyruvate and ATP. The pyruvate is then moved to the mitochondria for AEROBIC RESPIRATION to make more ATP. (ATP) (To the mitochondria)

Anaerobic (Simple Organisms) C 6 H 12 O 6 C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C and C-C-C Pyruvate (ATP) FERMENATATION: Breaking down pyruvate into waste (trash) (Fermentation) Lactic Acid and Alcohol

Breaking down of Pyruvate Simple Organisms Bacteria Yeast

Type of Fermentation Lactic acid Fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation: Explanation Pyruvate is broken down into lactic acid; a waste product

Type of Fermentation Alcohol Fermentation

Alcohol Fermentation: Explanation Pyruvate is broken down into ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide

Aerobic Respiration Respiration that occurs with oxygen present

Organisms that undergo Aerobic Respiration: Complex Organisms (Everything BUT Bacteria and Yeast)

Location Mitochondria: Breaks down sugar into ATP (usable form of energy); Powerhouse of the cell

Aerobic Respiration: Process C-C-C and C-C-C Pyruvate 1. A consumer/producer takes in oxygen through respiration O2O2

Aerobic Respiration: Process C-C and C-C-C Pyruvate CO2CO2 2. A carbon is broken off of pyruvate; combines with O 2 and leaves as CO 2 O2O2

Aerobic Respiration: Process C-C and C-C-C Pyruvate CO2CO2 3. Pyruvate is stored energy (from sun); when break off a carbon; ATP is created O2O2 ATP

Aerobic Respiration: Process C and C-C-C Pyruvate CO2CO2 4. The process continues a total of six times; MANY ATP’s are created O2O2 ATP O2O2 CO2CO2

Aerobic Respiration: Process C-C-C Pyruvate CO2CO2 4. The process continues a total of six times; MANY ATP’s are created O2O2 ATP O2O2 CO2CO2 O2O2 CO2CO2

Aerobic Respiration: Process C-C Pyruvate CO2CO2 4. The process continues a total of six times; MANY ATP’s are created O2O2 ATP O2O2 CO2CO2 O2O2 CO2CO2 O2O2 CO2CO2

Aerobic Respiration: Process C Pyruvate CO2CO2 4. The process continues a total of six times; MANY ATP’s are created O2O2 ATP O2O2 CO2CO2 O2O2 CO2CO2 O2O2 CO2CO2 O2O2 CO2CO2

Aerobic Respiration: Process CO2CO2 4. The process continues a total of six times; MANY ATP’s are created O2O2 ATP O2O2 CO2CO2 O2O2 CO2CO2 O2O2 CO2CO2 O2O2 CO2CO2 O2O2 CO2CO2

Which process produces the MOST ATP? Anaerobic (Glycolysis) or Aerobic Respiration?

DNA Structure and Discovery Christopherson

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA is a Nucleic Acid Monomer: Nucleotide

Structure of a Nucleotide 1. Phosphate 2. Deoxyribose 3. Nitrogen Base a. Adenine b. Thymine c. Cytosine d. Guanine

Structure of DNA – aka Double Helix Deoxyribose Nitrogen Base Phosphate Handles; DNA Backbone Steps; Rungs Hydrogen Bond

Matching Strands of DNA A T G C T T A C A T G C T A C T T A A C Remember that A=T and G=C T A C G A A T G T A C G A T G A A T T G

What is a GENE? Cook book for everything in our body Portion of the DNA that “codes” (has the directions) for a specific trait.

Where is a Gene? Within DNA The nitrogen bases spell out the instructions

RNA Ribonucleic Acid Make up of Nucleotides Contains Phosphorus

RNA Nucleotide A B C Phosphate Ribose Nitrogen Base Guanine Cytosine Adenine Uracil

How is DNA different from RNA?

DNA versus RNA: # of Strands 1 strand2 strands

DNA versus RNA: Sugar DeoxyriboseRibose

DNA versus RNA: Bonds with Adenine AdenineThymineAdenineUracil DNARNA

What are the types of RNA?

mRNA Function Copy a message from a gene on DNA DNA mRNA

tRNA Function Carries amino acids to mRNA mRNA Amino Acids

Brief summary of Protein synthesis A protein is made from a gene on DNA

Brief Summary of Transcription Make mRNA from a gene on DNA

Transcription Animation Transcription Animation #2

Transcribe the following TAC GGC AAA TAG GAT TTT CCA TTA AGT DNA AUG CCG UUU AUC CUA AAA GGU AAU UCA mRNA

Location of Translation Ribosome

Brief Summary of Translation Make a protein from mRNA

Translation Animation #1

TAC GGA CAT GAC GGG AAA ACT AUG CCU GUA CUG CCC UUU UGA Met – Pro – Val – Leu – Pro – Phe - STOP DNA mRNA Amino Acid

Mutations

What is a mutation? Change in the DNA nitrogen base sequence of a gene

How do Mutations Occur? Damaged DNA caused by agents such as sunlight, smoke, radiation; It can also be inherited

Category of Mutation: Point Change in one base of the DNA sequence. Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat Point mutation: The fat hat ate the wee rat

Example of Point Mutation: Sickle Cell Anemia

Sickle Cell Anemia: Point Mutation

Category of Mutation: Frameshift Addition or deletion of a DNA base resulting in a different sequence of DNA. Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat Frameshift mutation: The fat ata tet hew eer at

Tay Sachs Disease: Frameshift Mutation

Cell Cycle Summary

What is a Body Cell? All the cells that make up the “body” of an organism.

Total Number of Chromosomes in a Human Body Cell

Purpose of the Cell Cycle To grow, replace old cells, or reproduction

Location of the Cell Cycle Within an organisms body cells

1 st Step of the Cell Cycle Interphase: Cell prepares to divide by making more organelles and cytoplasm (G1 and G2); Replicates DNA (S)

2 nd Step of the Cell Cycle Mitosis: The replicated DNA is separated Made up of PMAT Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

3 rd Step of the Cell Cycle Cytokinesis: The cell divides the organelles and cytoplasm into the new cell

End Result of the Cell Cycle Two identical cells with the same number of chromosomes Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis

If an organism has 50 chromosomes and it undergoes mitosis, how many chromosomes will be present in the new cells?

If an organisms diploid number chromosome is 100, how many chromosomes will be present in the new cells?