Strengthening innovation and development research capacity: what role for African universities Ann Kingiri African Centre for Technology Studies & AfricaLics Secretariat 3 rd IndiaLics Conference Innovation and Sustainable Development CDS Trivandrum, Kerala, India 15 March

Outline Rethinking innovation? Why strengthen Academic Research Capacity (ARC) on Innovation & Development? Lessons from AfricaLics in building research capacity on innovation and development in Africa Recommendations for strengthening ARC in African Universities 2

What is innovation? Thinking about Innovation in the context of Africa’s Development is key. Focus on innovation is a primary goal (goal 9) of the SDGs agenda- post 2015 development agenda. However: Narrow conceptualisation of innovation thinking that has shaped research and policy making and the mindset of academics & policy makers in Africa

What is innovation? There is a prevalent notion that : Innovation is something that only takes place in advanced countries or in large multinational corporations and high tech sectors. Innovation is associated with activities that take place at the technological frontier or what Schumpeter has called invention. Innovation is NOT INVENTION: As opposed to the focus on novelty that is central to the concept of invention and a key criterion for patenting, Innovation is often confused with research and measured in terms of scientific or technological outputs. But innovation is a broader concept

Rethinking innovation We have evidence of success in African innovation and enterprise - examples include the mobile money-transfer service M-PESA for mobile banking. But there is limited broader understanding and recognition in Africa of what innovation is and how to promote it, both in business and in society.

Rethinking innovation Academics/researchers and policymakers are now increasingly recognising the need to think more broadly about innovation. Innovation is neither research nor science and technology, but rather the application of knowledge in production. This knowledge might be acquired through learning, research or experience, but until it is applied in the production of goods or services it cannot be considered innovation. It is also about - knowing who has knowledge or expertise, and being able to access it; it is about making or encouraging the right connections Innovation entails building capacity to manage a portfolio of partnerships, to form linkages and to learn through them etc. Changes in organization and management routines, creativity in marketing and modifications to production processes that bring costs down. – Innovation is also about new processes, business models and organisational forms etc – Efforts towards increased efficiency and environmental sustainability. Much of Innovation in a developing country context includes continuous improvement in product design and quality.

In the light of innovation, why build academic research capacity in I & D at universities? The perceived role of universities in innovation (three missions) include: i. producing skilled human capital by training people in different scientific fields ii. Conducting research hence generating new social and technological innovations and knowledge iii. Pursuing exploitation & commercialization of research that increase productivity and economic efficiency But - Ultimate aim of academic research should be to support inclusive innovation for social and economic development There are challenges in achieving the above. 7

Introduction cont’d: some challenges faced by African Universities The numerous efforts by universities to promote or become innovation nodes are acknowledged - creation of spin off companies, science parks, clusters, innovation hubs etc but there are many challenges e.g. University- government- industry linkages are absent; some are fragmented and weak; some actors lacking in the triple – helix (multiple helix recommended – including public and civil society). Problems related to quality and relevance (R & D versus meeting the societal needs), weak research and innovation capacities, inadequate resources for infrastructure development, and human development and retention. In the backdrop of the above; then how can Universities play their generative and developmental roles (or innovation role?) to ensure economic development in Africa? 8

BUILDING INNOVATION RESEARCH CAPACITY FOR DEVELOPMENT Experience from AfricaLics (African Network for the Economics of Learning, Innovation and Competence Building Systems) 9

The role of AfricaLics  AfricaLics launched in March 2012 in Dar, Tanzania  Major objective: To promote the development of science technology and Innovation (STI) research capacity in Africa with strong links to users  AfricaLics goal is to: Enable African countries to develop the capacity to study, monitor and evaluate their innovation systems and to develop evidence-based policies for the betterment of society.  AfricaLics vision is to: see African countries developing and utilizing high quality research, conducted by African researchers, to enable more informed policy decisions to be made relating to the use of STI for economic and social development by business practitioners, civil society and policymakers in the public sector.  African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS) hosts the AfricaLics Secretariat  ACTS is a knowledge think tank that seeks to accelerate Africa’s Transition to Inclusive Knowledge and Green Economies through research, policy, capacity building and technology brokerage in key emerging technology areas and sustainable development challenges in Africa ( visit 10

AfricaLics guiding principles in research capacity building Research efforts must focus on understanding how and why innovation should be promoted, analysed and evaluated for economic and social development (as opposed to focusing only on how it can be conducted). Research needs to be a less isolating activity; networking and self-organization is key including across traditional disciplinary boundaries, organizations and nations. Researchers have a duty to give back to society both in the focus of their studies but also through their actions. 11

AfricaLics approach to RCB Activities under the Sida funded project have been advanced through an approach that is characterised by the following: A low-cost model (students & academics are only away from home institutions for a short period); drawing on partnerships, synergies etc A specific focus on the analysis of innovation activities 12

Some achievements ActivityOutputs and outcomes PhD Academies  3 academies held (Nairobi, Algiers, Mombasa) and 77 students trained  A further Academy (Tunis) to be held in March 2016 involving approximately 25 students  Students self-organised post academies activities (e.g. social media platform) PhD supervision training  3 experience sharing sessions held with a total of 41 PhD supervisors  Handbook on PhD supervision for both students and supervisors available on AfricaLics website PhD visiting fellows scheme  6 students selected and participated in the first round in more are already at Aalborg University in Denmark from Feb  One PhD student has completed early as a result of the trip. Two others have submitted international journal papers.  One student has been offered to finalise his PhD as a joint degree with Aalborg University  Two students now involved in development of a networked post-doc capacity building research project between Aalborg University, their universities and others in Africa Research conferences  2 conferences held (Mozambique, 2013 and Kigali, 2015)  First conference resulted in 8 research networks being set up  Second conference drew 220+ participants; 57 papers presented; 9 posters; 28 other speakers. Research grants  19 initial applications. Eight proposals approved for funding. Six received funding ranging from US$10,000 to US$ 35,000.  All six projects have created networks of researchers who continue to work with each other.  3 special journal issues and one published study report. Networking  Over 1million website hits,  AfricaLics YouTube channel set up to enable all videoed presentations and seminars to be available for view live or post-event. 13 Teaching material development  One semester length module on innovation and development developed and available open access; the elements being used in at least 2 universities  One model ‘Innovation and Development’ MSc programme outline developed and made available through open access

Training Materials on I & D: of specific interest to Universities Model masters level module in ‘innovation and development’ Available online for anyone to download and customise - available at Aims to introduce students to the role that innovation activities have on, and how they are impacted by, economic and social development. In so doing, the module will create reflexive practitioners who understand the importance of creating social value as well as business added value. The module content can be modified to satisfy the requirements of particular contextual environments within which students are studying. Handbook on PhD supervision for both students and supervisors – Title “ PhD supervision - A good practice guide for students and supervisors working in innovation and development “– available at GoodPracticePhDSupervisionGuide-Dec15.pdf GoodPracticePhDSupervisionGuide-Dec15.pdf

Past AfricaLics events 15

2 nd international AfricaLics conference – Kigali, Rwanda, November

Lessons for a holistic academic research capacity building approach/initiative Rethinking traditional full PhD and Masters training activities – AfricaLics focuses on augmenting the skills and opportunities for students through provision of additional support that is lacking at the students’ home universities Emphasis on institutional capacity building and buy-in which are key to successful individual capacity building – Emphasis has been on capacity building of individual PhD students with some capacity building at institutional level (partner universities); – Major emphasis on strengthening networks of partnerships between Africa; between South & South; and between North and South. 17

Lessons continued Focus on strengthening networks of researchers across universities and countries – AfricaLics highlights the importance of more general networking activities that enable researchers to interact informally and lead to spontaneous as well as more channelled networking activities Focus on building an African ‘innovation and development’ research community – Focus is i) Africa and ii) analysis of innovation activities and how they meet the economic and social development needs of African nations 18

Rethinking Academic Research Building: the role of universities i n innovation training? We note that formal training at Universities is extremely important But -there is inadequacy of understanding of what is ‘innovation’ and training in ‘innovation’ in universities There is need for universities to move beyond Innovation Management /Innovation & entrepreneurship training etc to ‘innovation and development’ – the latter is problem solving oriented – especially focusing on the role of informal sector, youth and gender among other things. Requires the study of power, politics, values and cultures (social science oriented?) Perhaps Universities should mainstream innovation into their curriculums just as some have already mainstreamed development studies modules? Such efforts would enhance students get a better sense of the problems affecting their countries (in the case of development studies) and some of the ways of solving them (in the case of innovation studies). Mainstreaming development and innovation studies helps graduates become more socially responsible upon completion of education. Few universities are trying to mainstream innovation across all faculties – e.g. University of Dar es Salaam 19

Rethinking Academic Research Building: the role of universities The focus should be to build a wider research culture beyond Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (STEM) through: Educating more graduates with a focus on solving practical problems – (problem based learning) - making them more employable. Focus attention on the wider developmental role of universities through enabling graduates to become better critical thinkers and innovators. Refocus on ‘doing, using and interacting’ (harness experience- based learning) Rethink innovation: understanding why it is important and not just how to do it. Work with policy makers to ensure development of solid & effective innovation systems in Africa 20

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