Human Growth and Development Unit 7 Diversified Health Occupations

Objectives Identify at least two physical, mental, emotional, and social developments that occur during each of the seven main life stages Explain the causes and treatment for eating disorders and chemical abuse Identify methods used to prevent suicide and list common warning signs Recognize ways in which life stages affect an individual’s needs

What Do You Think… What is meant by the term growth and development? What age groups experience growth and development?

Introduction Growth and Development ▫Process that begins with birth ▫Does not end until death Individuals have needs that MUST be met during all stages Health care worker must be aware of the various stages and of individual needs in order to provide quality health care

Life Stages Individuals differ greatly Each person passes through certain stages of growth and development

Classification of Life Stages Infancy  birth to 1 year Early childhood  1 -6 years Late childhood  6-12 years Adolescence  years Early adulthood  years Middle adulthood  years Late adulthood  65 and up

Four Main Types of Growth and Development Occur in Each Stage Physical  Body growth Mental  development of mind Emotional  feelings Social  interactions & relationship

Characteristics of Stages Tasks progress from simple to complex ▫Example: individual first learns to sit, then stand, then walk, and finally run foundations for the next stage rate of accomplishment varies ▫some children master speech early, some later ▫Individuals experience sudden growth spurts, then maintain the same ht for a period of time

Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development Erik Erikson is a psychoanalyst Identified eight stages that must be mastered in order to meet needs A basic conflict or need must be resolved at each stage Erikson also believes that if an individual is not able to resolve a conflict at the appropriate stage, the individual will struggle with the same conflict later in life

Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development Each life stage also created certain needs in individuals Other factors can affect life stages and needs ▫Individuals sex, race, heredity, culture, life experiences, and health status can cause different needs ▫Injury or illness usually has a negative effect and can change needs or impair development

Infancy Ages birth to one year

Physical Development Dramatic & Rapid changes Tripled Weight Muscular & Nervous System Immature Reflex Actions Muscle Coordination Develops Teeth Vision

Mental Development Rapid during first year respond to discomforts gradually become more aware of surroundings and recognize individuals learning activities grow speech

Emotional Development Newborns show excitement By 4-6 months feelings can often be seen By 12 months elation and affection for adults is present Events that occur in the first year of life when these emotions are first exhibited can have a strong influence on their emotional behavior as adults

Social Development Progresses from the total self-centered concept of the newborn to a gradual recognition of others in the environment 4 months ▫recognize persons who care for them ▫smile ▫stare at others 6 months ▫watch activities of others ▫Show signs of possessiveness ▫shy or withdrawn from strangers 12 months ▫shy with strangers ▫socialize freely with familiar people ▫mimic & imitate gestures ▫facial expressions ▫vocal sounds

Social Development Continued dependent on others for all needs food, cleanliness & rest are essential for physical growth Love & security essential for mental growth

Early Childhood Ages 1 year old- 6 years old

Physical Development Slower than during infancy By age six average wt is 45 lbs and ht is 46 in Skeletal and muscle development helps child assume a more adult appearance By age 2-3 most teeth have erupted and digestive system is mature enough to handle most adult foods Between 2 and 4 years of age, most children learn to control bowel and bladder

Mental Development Advances rapidly during early childhood Verbal growth develops 2 year olds ▫Short attention span, remember details, begin to understand concepts 4 year olds ▫Ask frequent questions, recognize letters and words, begin to make decisions 6 year olds ▫Very verbal, want to learn, memory has developed

Emotional Development Ages 1-2 ▫Begin to develop self awareness ▫Limits established ▫Feel impatience and frustration ▫Anger in form of “temper tantrum” ▫Like routine Ages 4-6 ▫Begin to gain more control over emotions ▫Understand right and wrong ▫Have achieved more independence ▫Show less anxiety when faced with new experiences

Social Development Expands from self centered 1 year old to a very sociable 6 year old Early years ▫Strongly attached to parents, enjoy company of others, play with other children Later Years ▫Learn to put self aside, learn to trust others, make more effort to please others Needs ▫Food, rest, shelter, protection, love, and security

Late Childhood or Preadolescence 6-12 years old

Physical Development Slow but steady Wt gain 5-7 lbs per year Ht increases 2-3 inches per year Muscle coordination well developed Engage in physical activities Most primary teeth are lost Eyes well developed During ages sexual maturation mat begin

Mental Development Increases due to school Speech skills develop more completely Reading & writing should be learned Information used to solve problems Memory becomes more complex Understands more abstract concepts ▫ Loyalty, honesty, values, and morals

Emotional Development Continues to help children achieve greater independence and a more distinct personality Age 6 ▫Often frightened and uncertain, ▫Increased self confidence ▫Ability to cope ▫Control emotions Ages ▫Periods of depression followed by joy ▫Restless, anxious, difficult to understand

Social Changes 7 year olds ▫Activities for self ▫No group activities ▫Want others’ approval 8-10 year olds ▫Group oriented ▫Same sex groups ▫Accepting others’ opinions ▫Abide by rules year olds ▫Make friends ▫Awareness of opposite sex ▫Less dependent of parents

Needs Same basic needs of infancy and early childhood Also, need the following: ▫Reassurance ▫Parental approval ▫Peer acceptance

Adolescence years old

Physical Development Growth spurts can cause rapid increases in weight & height Awkwardness or Clumsiness Puberty ▫development of the sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics ▫secretions of sex hormones

Mental Development Increase in knowledge and sharpening of skills Learn to make decisions and accept responsibility for their actions Causes conflict at times because they are treated both as children and adults

Emotional Development Often stormy and in conflict Concerned about their appearance Respond more to peer groups

Social Development Move away from family Security in groups of people their own age Develop a more mature attitude and patterns of behavior

Needs Reassurance, support and Understanding along with basic needs Conflict and feelings of inadequacy and insecurity can lead to development of problems ▫Examples include eating disorders, drug and alcohol abuse, and suicide ▫Problems also occur in other stages but frequently associated with this period

Eating Disorders Often develops from an excessive concern with appearance Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia More common in females than in males Usually psychological or psychiatric help is needed to treat the conditions

Chemical Abuse Can occur in any stage of life but frequently begins with adolescence Development of a physical and /or mental dependence on these chemicals. ▫ Trying to relieve anxiety or stress ▫ Peer pressure ▫ Escape from problems ▫ Experimentation Treatment directed toward total rehab, which allows the person to return to a productive and meaningful life Can lead to physical and mental disorders and disease

Suicide One of the leading causes of death in adolescents ▫ Reasons  Depression  Grief  Failure in school  Not meeting expectations  Lack of self-esteem ▫Causes of increased risk of suicide  Family hx  Major loss or disappointment  Previous suicide attempts  Recent suicide of friends, family, or role models

Suicide Warning Signs Verbal statement “Id rather be dead” or “You'd be better off without me.” Sudden changes in appetite and sleep habits Withdrawal, depression, and moodiness Excessive fatigue or agitation Neglect of person hygiene Alcohol or drug abuse Loss of interest in hobbies and other aspects Injuring one’s body Giving away possessions Saying goodbye to family and friends Individuals calling for help and attention should NOT be ignored. Provide support and understanding and be sure to seek psychological or psychiatric counseling. By doing so, you can prevent suicide

Suicide Leading cause of death among adolescents Reasons Include: ▫Depression, grief over a loss or love affair, failure in school, inability to meet expectations, influence from suicidal friends, lack of self esteem Risk increased when ▫Family history, major loss or previous attempts, disappointment, recent suicide of friends, family, or role models

Early Adulthood years old

Physical Development Most productive life stage Physical development basically complete Muscles developed and strong Motor coordination at its peak Prime child bearing time

Mental Development Continues throughout this stage Many young adults are involved in obtaining additional education to establish and progress in chosen career Make decisions and form judgments ▫Deal with independence ▫Make career choices ▫Determine life style ▫Select marital partner ▫Start family ▫Establish values

Emotional Development Usually involves preserving the stability established during previous stages Subjected to emotional stresses If emotional structure is strong, most can cope with these worries Find satisfaction in their achievements Take responsibility for their actions Learn to accept criticism and profit from mistakes

Social Development Move away from peer group Associate with others who have similar ambitions and interests, regardless of age Become involved with mate and family of own Do not necessarily accept traditional sex roles, and frequently accept nontraditional roles

Middle Adulthood or Middle Age years old

Physical Development Physical changes begin to occur Females experience menopause or end of menstruation, along with hormone changes that influence other body parts Males have a slowing of hormone production

Mental Development Mental ability can continue to increase Many individuals seek formal education Have acquired understanding of life Have learned to cope with many different stresses More confident decision makers Excellent at analyzing situations

Emotional Development Can be a period of contentment and satisfaction, or can be a time of crisis Emotional status determined by emotional foundation or previous life stages, and situations that occur during middle age Emotional satisfaction Emotional stress Emotional status varies and is largely determined by events occurring during this stage

Social Development Relationships depend on many factors Family relationships often see a decline Work relationships frequent replace family Marital relationships Friendships are usually with people who have the same interests and lifestyles

Late Adulthood 65 years and older Called “Elderly,” “Senior Citizen,” “Golden Ager,” and “Retired Citizen.” Receives much attention because people are living longer

Physical Development Decline with all body systems affected Skin becomes dry, wrinkled, and thinner Brown or yellow spots (age spots) appear Hair becomes thin and loses its shine Bones become brittle and porous, more likely to break Cartilage between vertebrae thins and can lead to stooping posture Muscles lose tone and strength, can lead to fatigue and poor coordination Nervous system declines, organs less efficient Important to note changes usually occur slowly over a long period of time Many do not show physical changes of aging until their 70’s and 80’s

Mental Development Varies among individuals People who remain mentally active and willing to learn new things show fewer signs of decreased mental ability Some 90 y/o remain alert and well oriented, others show decreased capacity at early age Short term memory usually first to decline

Common Disorders Alzheimer’s DiseaseArteriosclerosis Irreversible loss of memory Deterioration of intellectual functions Speech and gait disturbances Disorientation Thickening and hardening of walls of arteries Can also decrease blood supply to brain Causes decrease in mental abilities

Emotional Development Varies among individuals in this age group Some cope well with the stress presented by aging and remain happy and enjoy life Others become lonely, frustrated, withdrawn, and depressed Emotional adjustment is necessary throughout stage Adjustments that individual makes at this point in life will be similar to those made throughout life

Social Development May also occur during late adulthood Retirement More limited circle of friends usually occurs Many engage in other activities and continue to make new social contacts Others may limit social relationships Changes in social relationships may occur Development of new social contacts is important

Needs Same as all ages Sense of belonging Self esteem Financial security Social acceptance and love

Check for Understanding List the seven life stages and the ages of each Name at least two physical, mental, emotional, and social developments that occur in each stage of life

CFU Continued Identify the life stage in which of the following is most likely to occur: 1.Menopause or male climacteric 2.Puberty 3.Learn to walk 4.Most permanent teeth erupt 5.Develop interest in opposite sex 6.High rate of chemical abuse and suicide 7.Death of spouse 8.Rapid physical growth 9.Close association with peer group