Chapter 9 Key Issue #1 Essential Question? Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? Development: Process of improving Process of improving the material conditions the material conditions of people through of people through diffusion of knowledge diffusion of knowledge and technology. and technology.

Two groups These are usually clustered in different spaces. These are usually clustered in different spaces. Questions to ask-??? Questions to ask-??? Why are some regions more developed than others?Why are some regions more developed than others? What are LDC’s doing to become MDC’s?What are LDC’s doing to become MDC’s? 1. More developed (MDC) - AKA Relatively Developed or Developed Country 2. Less Developed (LDC) - AKA Developing Country

HDI UN selects factors that best reveal the country’s level of development UN selects factors that best reveal the country’s level of development economic factors (GDP per capita)economic factors (GDP per capita) social factors literacy rate & amount of educationsocial factors literacy rate & amount of education one demographic factor (Life Expectancy)one demographic factor (Life Expectancy) Since 1990, these 4 factors are combined to produce a country’s HDI Since 1990, these 4 factors are combined to produce a country’s HDI Highest possible HDI is 1.0 or 100 percent Highest possible HDI is 1.0 or 100 percent

HDI - Economic Factors GNI (Gross National income)– value of the total output of goods and services in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country GNI (Gross National income)– value of the total output of goods and services in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) – adjustment made to the GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) – adjustment made to the GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods EX: US GNI = $15 Trillion/312 million (pop)EX: US GNI = $15 Trillion/312 million (pop) The result shows the average amount of income/standard of living associated w/ the country (aka development) The result shows the average amount of income/standard of living associated w/ the country (aka development)

HDI – Economic Factors Types of jobsTypes of jobs Primary sector – directly extract materials from earth Primary sector – directly extract materials from earth Secondary sector – manufacturing of products Secondary sector – manufacturing of products Tertiary sector – provision of goods and services Tertiary sector – provision of goods and services ProductivityProductivity Measured by the value added per capita Measured by the value added per capita MDCs are more productive than LDCs MDCs are more productive than LDCs Consumer goods – amount produced/consumed in a country shows developmentConsumer goods – amount produced/consumed in a country shows development

What Do We Mean By Development? The three objectives of development The three objectives of development increases in availability and improvements in the distribution of food, shelter, health, protection, etc.increases in availability and improvements in the distribution of food, shelter, health, protection, etc. improvements in ‘levels of living,’ including higher incomes, more jobs, better education, etc.improvements in ‘levels of living,’ including higher incomes, more jobs, better education, etc. expansions in the range of economic and social choices available to individuals and nationsexpansions in the range of economic and social choices available to individuals and nations

Measuring Development United Nations Development Program Overview 2005 Click for Animated Graphs Click for Animated Graphs Click for Animated Graphs Economic Indicators Economic Indicators Gross Domestic Product (GDP)Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Types of Work (Economic Sectors)Types of Work (Economic Sectors) Social Indicators Social Indicators Education and LiteracyEducation and Literacy Health and WelfareHealth and Welfare Demographic Indicators Demographic Indicators Life Expectancy ( years)Life Expectancy ( years) Infant Mortality ( 100 per thousand)Infant Mortality ( 100 per thousand) Natural Increase ( %)Natural Increase ( %)

% of people working in agriculture exceeds 75% in most LDC’s of Africa & Asia % of people working in agriculture exceeds 75% in most LDC’s of Africa & Asia Anglo-America and most of Western Europe is less than 5% of people working in Agriculture Anglo-America and most of Western Europe is less than 5% of people working in Agriculture MDC usually has limited farmers producing enough food for the society so others can be free to contribute in the national wealth by working in the secondary and tertiary sectors MDC usually has limited farmers producing enough food for the society so others can be free to contribute in the national wealth by working in the secondary and tertiary sectors

Productivity The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor need to make it The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor need to make it Workers in MDC’s are more productive and produce more with less effort Workers in MDC’s are more productive and produce more with less effort WHY?????? WHY??????

Raw Materials Such as minerals, trees, oil Such as minerals, trees, oil Must have energy to operate the factories Must have energy to operate the factories Hydroelectricity, coal, oil, natural gas, uraniumHydroelectricity, coal, oil, natural gas, uranium Europe had an abundant amount of coal and iron ore but ran short of raw materials Europe had an abundant amount of coal and iron ore but ran short of raw materials What did they do??? What did they do???

Consumer Goods Consumer goods and services are luxuries such as car, telephones, computers, entertainment. Consumer goods and services are luxuries such as car, telephones, computers, entertainment. A good indicator of a society's development is A good indicator of a society's development is motor vehicles (access to jobs and services and permit business to distribute their products)motor vehicles (access to jobs and services and permit business to distribute their products) Telephones (enhance communications with suppliers and customers of goods and services)Telephones (enhance communications with suppliers and customers of goods and services) Televisions (provide exposure to activities in different locations)Televisions (provide exposure to activities in different locations)

Chapter 9 Key Issue 2/3 Why does development vary by gender?

“A country’s overall level of development can mask inequalities in the status of men and women” -Rubenstein “A country’s overall level of development can mask inequalities in the status of men and women” -Rubenstein 2011.

Past Measurements Used UN created the GDI (Gender- Related Development Index) UN created the GDI (Gender- Related Development Index) compares the level of development of women with that of both sexescompares the level of development of women with that of both sexes GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure) GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure) compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making

Past Measurements Used Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) – –Compares the level of women’s development with that of both sexes – –Four measures (similar to HDI): Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes Number of females enrolled in school compared to the number of males Percent of literate females to literate males Life expectancy of females to males

Past Measurements Used Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) – –Compares the decision-making capabilities of men and women in politics and economics – –Uses economic and political indicators: Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes Percentage of technical and professional jobs held by women Percentage of administrative jobs held by women Percentage of women holding national office

Current Measurements Used Gender Inequality Index (GII) Gender Inequality Index (GII) GII replaced the former statistics/measuers of GDI and GEMGII replaced the former statistics/measuers of GDI and GEM The higher the GII, the greater the inequality (0=equality, 1.0=poorly)The higher the GII, the greater the inequality (0=equality, 1.0=poorly) GII higher in developing countries GII higher in developing countries Combines multiple measuresCombines multiple measures Empowerment Empowerment Labor Labor Reproductive health Reproductive health

Measures of Gender Inequality Index (GII) Empowerment – ability of women to achieve improvements in their own status (economic and political power) Empowerment – ability of women to achieve improvements in their own status (economic and political power) % of seats held by women in the national legislature% of seats held by women in the national legislature Every country in the world has more men than women in legislature Every country in the world has more men than women in legislature % of women who have completed high school% of women who have completed high school

Measures of Gender Inequality Index (GII) Labor Force Labor Force Female labor force participation rate - % of women holding full time jobs outside the homeFemale labor force participation rate - % of women holding full time jobs outside the home Reproductive health Reproductive health Maternal mortality ratio – the # of women who die giving birth per 100,000 birthsMaternal mortality ratio – the # of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births Adolescent fertility rate – # of birth per 1,000 women ages 15-19Adolescent fertility rate – # of birth per 1,000 women ages 15-19

Gender Inequality Trends UN has found: UN has found: In nearly every country, gender inequality has declined since the 1990’sIn nearly every country, gender inequality has declined since the 1990’s Greatest improvements in SW Asia and North Africa Greatest improvements in SW Asia and North Africa US is one of few countries where GII has increased (US HDI = 4, US GII = 47) US is one of few countries where GII has increased (US HDI = 4, US GII = 47) Maternal mortality rate = 24Maternal mortality rate = 24 % in legislature = 17/100 Senators & 74/435 Representatives% in legislature = 17/100 Senators & 74/435 Representatives